Bikaner, a historically rich region in Rajasthan, was once known by its ancient names—Jangaldesh and Ratighati. In earlier times, this land was a part of the vast desert region, characterized by dense wilderness and scattered settlements. The capital of Jangaldesh was Ahichhatrapur, an important center that played a crucial role in shaping the history of this region.
Jangaldesh, as its name suggests, was a land of forests and rough terrain, inhabited by fierce warriors and tribes who fiercely defended their homeland from invaders. This region remained largely independent, with rulers who upheld their traditions and valor. Over time, Jangaldesh transformed into what is now known as Bikaner, a princely state that rose to prominence under the Rathore dynasty (also ruled Marwar).
The story of Bikaner is one of resilience, battles, and cultural evolution. From being a rugged land of warriors to a flourishing kingdom known for its grand forts, palaces, and vibrant traditions, Bikaner holds a unique place in Rajasthan’s history. The legacy of its rulers, its architectural marvels, and its deep-rooted customs continue to shape its identity to this day.
The transformation of Jangaldesh into the Rathore-ruled kingdom of Bikaner is a tale of strategic conquest and establishment of new dynastic rule in the arid regions of northwestern Rajasthan.
Early Inhabitants and Rule of Jangaldesh
Before the mid-15th century, the area known as Jangaldesh, also referred to as Ratighati, was predominantly a barren wilderness. This region was sparsely populated, mainly by various tribes who adapted to the harsh desert environment. The capital of Jangaldesh was Ahichhatrapur, serving as the central hub for the local tribal governance. However, detailed historical records about the specific rulers or the administrative structure of Ahichhatrapur are limited, suggesting that the area was likely governed by local chieftains or tribal leaders rather than a centralized monarchy.
Rao Bika’s Conquest and the Founding of Bikaner
The significant shift occurred in the late 15th century with the arrival of Rao Bika, the first son of Rao Jodha, the founder of Jodhpur and a prominent figure of the Rathore Rajput clan. Driven by ambition and a desire to establish his own legacy separate from his father’s domain, Rao Bika ventured into the Jangaldesh region. With the assistance of his uncle, Rawat Kandhal, a formidable warrior and strategist, Rao Bika embarked on a series of campaigns to conquer and consolidate control over the area. By 1488, he successfully established the city of Bikaner, marking the inception of a new Rathore kingdom in the region.
Role of Ahichhatrapur in the Transition
While Ahichhatrapur served as the capital of Jangaldesh, its role diminished following Rao Bika’s establishment of Bikaner. The founding of Bikaner introduced a centralized seat of power under the Rathore dynasty, leading to the gradual decline of Ahichhatrapur’s political significance. The new city not only became the administrative and cultural center but also symbolized the emergence of Rathore authority in the region.
Timeframe of Transformation
- Pre-15th Century: Jangaldesh, with Ahichhatrapur as its capital, was inhabited by various tribes under local chieftains.
- 1465: Rao Bika, son of Rao Jodha, initiated expeditions into Jangaldesh, laying the groundwork for future conquests.
- 1488: Establishment of the city of Bikaner by Rao Bika, solidifying Rathore control over the region and marking the transformation from Jangaldesh to the Kingdom of Bikaner.
This period signifies the strategic expansion of the Rathore dynasty, as they extended their influence from Marwar into the challenging terrains of Jangaldesh, reshaping its political and cultural landscape.
Family Tree of Rathore Dynasty Ruling Kings in Bikaner
Rao Bika – The Founder of Bikaner (1465-1504 AD)
The Journey from Jodhpur to Bikaner
The Sarcasm That Led to a Kingdom (1465 AD)
In 1465 AD, a remark from his father, Rao Jodha of Jodhpur, changed Bika’s destiny. When Bika expressed his desire to rule, his father sarcastically stated:
“A lion does not feed on another lion’s kill. If you want to rule, go and conquer your own land.”
Taking this challenge to heart, Bika set out to create his own kingdom, accompanied by his uncle Kandhal and younger brother Bida.
Karni Mata, the revered goddess of the region, blessed Bika’s conquest, and she remains the presiding deity of the Rathores of Bikaner to this day.
The Establishment of Bikaner
Proclaimed King at Kodamdesar (1472 AD)
After several successful conquests in the region, Rao Bika was declared the king in 1472 AD at Kodamdesar. This marked the beginning of an independent Rathore rule in Jangaldesh.
Foundation of Bikaner (1488 AD)
In 1488 AD, Rao Bika formally established the city of Bikaner. The day he laid the foundation of the city, Akshaya Tritiya (Akhatij), is still celebrated as “Foundation Day” of Bikaner, and kite flying has become a tradition in his honor.
Royal Recognition and Compromise with Jodhpur
Bika’s ambitions led him to attack Jodhpur, ruled by Rao Souza. However, before a full-fledged battle could take place, Jasmade Hadi (Rao Jodha’s queen and Souza’s mother) intervened and negotiated peace.
As a result, Bika received three royal symbols of Rathore rule, signifying his legitimacy as an independent ruler:
- Idol of Nagnechi Mata – The Kuldevi (family deity) of the Rathores.
- Idol of Laxminath Ji – Symbolizing divine blessings.
- Hadabu Ji Ri Murthy – Representing ancestral Rathore lineage.
This compromise solidified Bikaner’s status as a powerful Rathore kingdom.
Architectural and Religious Contributions
Rao Bika was not only a warrior but also a patron of religion and architecture.
Significant Constructions
- Bhairav Temple at Kodamdesar – Built to honor Bhairav Nath Ji, the idol for which was brought from Mandore (Jodhpur).
- Temple of Nagnechi Mata in Bikaner – Featuring an 18-handed idol, this temple became a significant religious center for the Rathores.
Legacy of Rao Bika
Rao Bika’s legacy transformed Jangaldesh into a thriving kingdom. From a land of scattered tribes, it became a strong Rathore state that would later become an essential part of Rajasthan’s history.
His successors expanded and strengthened Bikaner, turning it into a major political and cultural center in the region.
Rao Lunkaran (1505 – 1526 AD)
Rao Lunkaran, the second ruler of Bikaner, was a brave warrior, a just ruler, and a patron of development. His reign was marked by significant military victories and infrastructure projects, ensuring the continued growth of the Rathore kingdom.
Ascension to the Throne
After the passing of Rao Bika in 1504 AD, his son Rao Lunkaran ascended the throne of Bikaner in 1505 AD. His rule was blessed by the revered saint Lok Sant Jasnath Ji, a spiritual leader from the Jangam sect, who played an important role in guiding the Rathores spiritually.
Military Conquests and Battles
Defeat of Jaisalmer (1505 AD)
One of Rao Lunkaran’s first major military achievements was his victory over Rawal Jaitsi of Jaisalmer. This battle strengthened Bikaner’s dominance in the region and curbed Jaisalmer’s influence.
Victory Over Nagaur (1513 AD)
In 1513 AD, Rao Lunkaran defeated Muhammad Khan of Nagaur, a powerful regional ruler. Nagaur, a strategic and wealthy city, had been a contested territory among Rajputs and Mughals. This victory further cemented Bikaner’s strength in Rajasthan.
Battle of Dhosi (1526 AD) – Martyrdom of Rao Lunkaran
In 1526 AD, Rao Lunkaran faced Nawab Abimira of Narnaul in the historic Battle of Dhosi. Despite his valor and strategic skills, he was killed in battle, marking a heroic end to his reign. His bravery in this war became legendary, with poets and historians remembering him as a fearless warrior who fought till his last breath.
- Poet Bitu Suja referred to Rao Lunkaran as “Karna of Kaliyug”, drawing a comparison with the great warrior Karna from the Mahabharata.
- Jayasom, another chronicler, also likened him to Karna, recognizing his unmatched courage and generosity.
Contributions to Development
Creation of Lunkaransar Lake
Apart from his military achievements, Rao Lunkaran is also credited as the creator of Lunkaransar Lake, a vital water reservoir in the Bikaner region. This lake played a significant role in enhancing irrigation and water supply, making it an important legacy of his reign.
Legacy of Rao Lunkaran
Rao Lunkaran’s reign (1505 – 1526 AD) played a crucial role in shaping Bikaner’s military strength and infrastructure. His victories over Jaisalmer and Nagaur expanded his kingdom, and his sacrifice in the Battle of Dhosi made him a revered figure in Rajput history.
His contributions to water conservation, especially the Lunkaransar Lake, demonstrate his foresight as a ruler.
With his passing, Bikaner entered a new phase under his successor, continuing its legacy as a powerful Rathore state.
Rao Jaitsi (1526-1541 AD) – The Defender of Bikaner
Ascension and Early Challenges
- Succeeded his father, Rao Lunkaran, in 1526 AD after his martyrdom in the Battle of Dhosi.
- Continued expanding and protecting the Rathore domain of Bikaner against external threats.
Major Battles & Military Campaigns
1. Support to Rana Sanga in the Battle of Khanwa (1527 AD)
- In 1527 AD, Rao Jaitsi sent his son Kalyanmal to support Rana Sanga of Mewar against Babur in the Battle of Khanwa.
- This battle was crucial in shaping Mughal dominance in India, as Babur defeated the Rajput Confederacy, marking the fall of Rajput supremacy in North India.
2. The Battle of Ratighati (1534 AD) – Defeat of Kamran
- Humayun’s brother Kamran invaded Bikaner and Bhatner (modern Hanumangarh).
- Rao Jaitsi confronted Kamran’s forces in Ratighati (Red Valley) in 1534 AD and achieved a resounding victory.
- The details of this battle are recorded in Bithu Souza’s book Rao Jaitsi Ro Chhand.
3. The Battle of Paheba (1541 AD) – Martyrdom of Rao Jaitsi
- 1541 AD – Faced an invasion by Maldev Rathore of Marwar, who sought to expand his kingdom by subjugating Bikaner.
- Rao Jaitsi put up a fierce resistance in the Battle of Paheba.
- In an attempt to secure reinforcements, he sent his minister Nagraj to seek military support from Sher Shah Suri, the Afghan ruler of Delhi.
- However, before assistance could arrive, Rao Jaitsi was martyred in battle, marking the end of his reign.
Legacy & Significance
- Rao Jaitsi’s reign was marked by relentless military engagements to protect Bikaner from external threats, particularly from the Mughals and Rathores of Jodhpur.
- His victory in Ratighati solidified Bikaner’s standing as a formidable Rajput kingdom.
- His martyrdom in the Battle of Paheba reflects his unwavering dedication to Bikaner’s sovereignty.
Rao Jaitsi’s Key Events
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 1526 AD | Became ruler after the death of Rao Lunkaran. |
| 1527 AD | Sent son Kalyanmal to support Rana Sanga in the Battle of Khanwa. |
| 1534 AD | Defeated Humayun’s brother Kamran in the Battle of Ratighati. |
| 1541 AD | Killed in battle against Maldev of Marwar in the Battle of Paheba. |
| 1541 AD | Sent minister Nagraj to seek help from Sher Shah Suri. |
Rao Kalyanmal (1541 – 1574 AD) – The First Mughal Vassal of Bikaner
Early Life and Rise to Power
- Rao Kalyanmal was the son of Rao Jaitsi and had already proven his military capabilities before ascending the throne in 1541 AD.
- As a young warrior, he led Bikaner’s forces in the Battle of Khanwa (1527 AD), fighting alongside Rana Sanga of Mewar against Babur’s Mughal army.
Major Events & Military Alliances
1. Alliance with Sher Shah Suri (1544 AD) – The Battle of Giri Sumel
- After the death of his father in 1541 AD, Kalyanmal aligned himself with Sher Shah Suri, the Afghan ruler who had overthrown the Mughals and was expanding his influence.
- In 1544 AD, he supported Sher Shah Suri in the Battle of Giri Sumel (modern-day Nagaur).
- After the war, with Sher Shah’s favor, Kalyanmal solidified his control over Bikaner, ensuring its survival amidst the shifting power dynamics of North India.
2. Acceptance of Mughal Suzerainty (1570 AD) – The Nagaur Court of Akbar
- With the return of Mughal supremacy under Emperor Akbar, Kalyanmal saw an opportunity to maintain his kingdom’s stability.
- In 1570 AD, he participated in Akbar’s court at Nagaur, where he officially accepted Mughal suzerainty, making him the first ruler of Bikaner to become a Mughal vassal.
- His sons, Yuvraj Raisinghwan and Prithviraj Rathore, also attended this court.
- Prithviraj Rathore, an able and charismatic Rajput warrior, caught Akbar’s attention and was taken into Mughal service.
Legacy and Significance
- Strategic Diplomat: Unlike his predecessors, who fought against powerful empires, Kalyanmal chose diplomacy over warfare to safeguard Bikaner’s interests.
- First Mughal Vassal: His alliance with Akbar paved the way for Bikaner’s future relations with the Mughal Empire, ensuring its political survival and economic prosperity.
- Military Leadership: His role in Khanwa (1527 AD) and Giri Sumel (1544 AD) demonstrated his battlefield expertise.
Rao Kalyanmal’s Key Events
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 1527 AD | Led Bikaner’s forces in the Battle of Khanwa under Rana Sanga. |
| 1541 AD | Became the ruler of Bikaner after the death of Rao Jaitsi. |
| 1544 AD | Supported Sher Shah Suri in the Battle of Giri Sumel and consolidated his rule over Bikaner. |
| 1570 AD | Attended Akbar’s Nagaur court and accepted Mughal suzerainty, becoming the first Bikaner ruler to do so. |
| 1570 AD | Yuvraj Raisinghwan and Prithviraj Rathore also participated in this court. Prithviraj joined Akbar’s service. |
Maharaja Raisingh (1574 – 1612 AD) – The Karna of Rajputana
Early Life and Mughal Service (Before Ascension to Bikaner Throne)
- Maharaja Raisingh, son of Rao Kalyanmal, was a loyal Mansabdar under both Akbar and Jahangir.
- Akbar appointed him as the administrator of Jodhpur (1572-1574 AD) before he became the ruler of Bikaner.
Military Achievements & Mughal Service
1. Mansabdari Under Akbar and Jahangir
- Akbar initially granted Raisingh a Mansab of 4000, which Jahangir later increased to 5000, recognizing his loyalty and military prowess.
2. Mirza Rebellion & Battle of Katholi
- Raisingh played a crucial role in suppressing the Mirza rebellion in Gujarat.
- He defeated Ibrahim Mirza in the Battle of Katholi and killed Hussain Mirza, a key rebel leader.
3. War Against Chandrasen Rathore (1574 AD)
- In 1574 AD, Akbar sent Raisingh to fight Chandrasen Rathore of Jodhpur.
- Raisingh captured Sojat from Chandrasen’s ally Kalla Rathore (son of Chandrasen’s brother Ram).
- However, he failed to capture Siwana, which remained under Patta Rathore. Siwana was later conquered by Shahbaz Khan in 1576 AD.
4. Subjugation of Sirohi & Jalore
- Raisingh secured the allegiance of:
- Surtan of Sirohi
- Taj Khan of Jalore
- This further expanded Mughal dominance in Rajasthan.
5. Rewards from Akbar (1577 AD)
- As a reward for his loyalty and military success, Akbar gifted him 51 Parganas (districts) in 1577 AD.
6. Role in Prince Khusro’s Rebellion
- When Khusro, Jahangir’s elder son, rebelled, Jahangir temporarily shifted the Mughal capital to Agra for security.
- Raisingh was assigned key responsibilities during this crisis.
Contributions to Bikaner
1. Construction of Junagarh Fort (1589-1594 AD)
- Raisingh commissioned the construction of Junagarh Fort in Bikaner under the supervision of Karamchand.
- Inside the fort, the Raisingh Prashasti (inscription) composed by Jain scholar Jaita is preserved.
- At the Surajpol Gate of Junagarh Fort, Gajarudh statues of Jaimal and Patta (Mewar warriors) were installed.
2. Literary Works & Patronage
Raisingh was also a scholar and writer. His notable books include:
- Raisingh Festival
- Medical Genealogy
- Jyotish Ratnamala (Astrology)
- Bal Bodhini (Commentary on Astrological Texts)
His court scholar Jaisom wrote Karmchandavanshotkirnakamkavyam, where:
- Raisingh was called “Rajendra” (Great King).
- Rao Lunkaran was compared to Karna (the great warrior of Mahabharata).
Legacy & Recognition
- Munshi Deviprasad called Raisingh “Karna of Rajputana”, comparing his valor and generosity to the legendary Karna of Mahabharata.
- He established Bikaner’s reputation as a strong Mughal ally while maintaining the kingdom’s autonomy.
Key Events of Raisingh’s Rule
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 1572-1574 AD | Served as Administrator of Jodhpur under Akbar. |
| 1574 AD | Became Maharaja of Bikaner. |
| 1574 AD | Defeated Chandrasen Rathore’s ally Kalla Rathore and captured Sojat. |
| 1576 AD | Siwana was captured by Shahbaz Khan. |
| 1577 AD | Akbar rewarded him with 51 parganas for his service. |
| 1589-1594 AD | Built Junagarh Fort in Bikaner under Karamchand’s supervision. |
| 1595 AD | Defeated Ibrahim Mirza in the Battle of Katholi and killed Hussain Mirza. |
| 1606 AD | Jahangir temporarily shifted the Mughal capital to Agra during Khusro’s rebellion and assigned Raisingh a key role. |
| 1612 AD | Raisingh passed away, leaving behind a strong, well-fortified Bikaner. |
Prithviraj Rathore – The Warrior-Poet of Bikaner
Early Life & Service under Akbar
- Prithviraj Rathore was the younger brother of Maharaja Raisingh of Bikaner.
- He lived in Akbar’s court, where he gained both military and literary prominence.
- Akbar appointed him as the administrator of Gagaron, a strategic fort in present-day Rajasthan.
Literary Contributions – The Poet of Dingle
Prithviraj Rathore was one of the greatest poets of medieval Rajasthan, writing in the Dingle dialect (Northern Rajasthani). His works were highly revered by both Indian and European scholars.
1. Veli Krisan Rukmani Ri
- One of his most famous works, written in Dingle.
- Dursa Adha described this book as the 5th Veda and 19th Purana, highlighting its religious and literary significance.
- James Tod praised this book, saying it possessed the power of 10,000 horses, a metaphor for its poetic strength.
2. Other Notable Works
- Ganga Tarang
- Dashrathvarout
- Dasham Bhagwat Ra Duha
3. European Scholars’ Praise
- LP Tessitori, an Italian scholar from Udine, called Prithviraj Rathore the “Horace of Dingle”, comparing him to the famous Roman poet Horace.
- Colonel James Tod admired his warrior-poet persona, stating: “Prithviraj was the highest heroic person of his time and, like the Western ‘Tubedar’ princes, could advance any cause through his powerful poetry while also fighting with a sword himself.”
Academic Influence & Critical Studies
Prithviraj Rathore’s literary works were later studied and critically analyzed:
- He composed two significant books:
- Bardic and Historical Survey of Rajputana
- Grammar of Western Rajasthan
- He also conducted a critical study of:
- Veli Krisan Rukmani Ri
- Raab Jailsi Ro Chhand
Legacy & Memorials
1. Death & Umbrella Memorial in Bikaner
- He passed away in Bikaner in 1919 AD.
- His umbrella (chhatri) is located in Bikaner, marking his final resting place.
2. Annual Festival in His Honor (Since 1982)
- Since 1982, an annual festival is organized in his memory to celebrate his literary and heroic contributions.
3. Prithviraj Rathore Room in Bikaner Archives
- A special room named after Prithviraj Rathore has been constructed in the Bikaner Archives, preserving his legacy.
Prithviraj Rathore’s Achievements
| Category | Details |
|---|---|
| Royal Lineage | Younger brother of Maharaja Raisingh of Bikaner. |
| Mughal Service | Lived in Akbar’s court, appointed as Administrator of Gagaron. |
| Major Literary Works | Veli Krisan Rukmani Ri, Ganga Tarang, Dashrathvarout, Dasham Bhagwat Ra Duha. |
| Praise by Dursa Adha | Veli Krisan Rukmani Ri is the 5th Veda and 19th Purana. |
| Praise by James Tod | Said the book had the power of 10,000 horses. |
| European Scholars’ Praise | LP Tessitori called him the “Horace of Dingle”. |
| Memorials | His umbrella (chhatri) is in Bikaner. |
| Annual Festival | Celebrated since 1982 in his memory. |
| Bikaner Archives | A special room was named after him. |
| Death | 1919 AD in Bikaner. |
Prithviraj Rathore was not just a Rathore warrior but a visionary poet who immortalized Rajputana’s history and values through his words. His works are still studied, revered, and celebrated in Rajasthan. His legacy as a warrior-poet continues to inspire generations.
Maharaja Karan Singh (1631 – 1669 AD) – The Jangaldhar Badshah of Bikaner
Rise to Power & Early Battles
- Maharaja Karan Singh ruled Bikaner from 1631 to 1669 AD.
- In 1644 AD, he defeated Amarsingh of Nagaur in a fierce battle known as “Matire Ri Raad”.
Title of “Jangaldhar Badshah”
- During Aurangzeb’s Attock campaign, Karan Singh played a pivotal role in Rajasthan’s defense.
- Recognizing his leadership and valor, the Rajput rulers of Rajasthan honored him with the title “Jangaldhar Badshah” (Emperor of the Desert).
- The Rajasthani translation of historical texts provides information about this unique title.
- This prestigious title was later used by all the subsequent kings of Bikaner.
Literary Contributions & Patronage
Maharaja Karan Singh was a great patron of literature and actively contributed to the literary world.
1. “Sahitya Kalpadrum” – The Literary Treasure
- With the help of several scholars, he wrote “Sahitya Kalpadrum”, a significant work in Indian literature.
2. Eminent Court Scholars
Karan Singh’s court was adorned with many renowned scholars, including:
- Gangadhar Maithili
- Karn Bhushan
- Kavya Dakini
- Hosik Bhatt
- Karnavantas
Legacy of Karan Singh
- His military achievements and contributions to literature made him one of Bikaner’s most influential rulers.
- The title “Jangaldhar Badshah” became a symbol of prestige and power for Bikaner’s future rulers.
- His support for scholars and poets enriched the cultural heritage of Rajasthan.
Maharaja Karan Singh’s Achievements
| Category | Details |
|---|---|
| Reign | 1631 – 1669 AD |
| Major Battle | “Matire Ri Raad” (1644 AD) – Defeated Amarsingh of Nagaur |
| Title | “Jangaldhar Badshah” – Given by Rajput rulers during Aurangzeb’s Attock campaign |
| Major Literary Work | “Sahitya Kalpadrum” |
| Court Scholars | Gangadhar Maithili, Karn Bhushan, Kavya Dakini, Hosik Bhatt, Karnavantas |
| Legacy | Established “Jangaldhar Badshah” as a royal title for future Bikaner rulers |
Maharaja Karan Singh was a warrior, scholar, and patron of the arts. His reign saw both military success and cultural prosperity. The title of Jangaldhar Badshah became an enduring legacy of Bikaner’s royal heritage.
Maharaja Anup Singh (1669 – 1698 AD) – The Scholar-Warrior of Bikaner
Ascension and Early Life
- Born: 1638 in Junagarh Fort, Bikaner.
- Parentage: Eldest son of Maharaja Karan Singh and his wife, Chandrawatji Kishor Kanwarji.
- Ascended the Throne: 1669 AD, following the demise of his father during a Mughal campaign in the Deccan.
Military Achievements
Campaigns in the Deccan
- Mughal Service: Anup Singh was a prominent general under Emperor Aurangzeb, participating in several campaigns to expand the Mughal Empire in South India.
- Siege of Golconda (1687): Led the Mughal forces that captured the Golconda Sultanate. In recognition, Aurangzeb conferred upon him the title of “Maharaja”.
- Governor of Adoni: After capturing Adoni in 1689, Anup Singh was appointed its governor, a position he held until his death.
Title of “Mahi Maratib”
- For his valor and successful military campaigns, Aurangzeb honored Anup Singh with the prestigious title of “Mahi Maratib”, symbolizing distinguished service.
Cultural and Educational Contributions
Anoop Sanskrit Library
- Establishment: Anup Singh founded the Anoop Sanskrit Library in Bikaner, housing a vast collection of Sanskrit manuscripts acquired during his southern campaigns.
- Significance: The library became a center for scholars and played a crucial role in preserving ancient texts.
Patronage of Arts and Literature
- Court Scholars: Anup Singh’s court was adorned with eminent scholars, poets, and musicians, including:
- Bhav Bhatt
- Sangeet Anoop Akush
- Anant Bhatt
- Udayachandra
- Literary Works: He authored several books, such as:
- Anoop Vivek (Based on Tantrashastra)
- Kama Prabodha (Based on Kama Shastra)
- Shradh Experiment Chintamani
- Anupodaya (Commentary on Gita Govinda)
Architectural Endeavors
Anupgarh Fort
- Foundation: In response to rebellions by the Bhatis and Johiyas, Anup Singh established Anupgarh Fort in 1678 AD, fortifying the region and ensuring its security.
Junagarh Fort Enhancements
- Anup Mahal: Commissioned in 1690 as the private audience hall (Diwan-i-Khas), showcasing intricate designs and serving as a testament to the architectural prowess of his reign.
Religious Contributions
Temple of 33 Crore Gods
- Establishment: Anup Singh collected idols of Hindu deities from South India and installed them in a temple in Bikaner, known as the Temple of 33 Crore Gods, reflecting his devotion and efforts to preserve religious heritage.
Personal Life and Legacy
- Consorts: Anup Singh had multiple wives from esteemed lineages, including:
- Bhatiyaniji Ram Kanwarji of Jaisalmer
- Sisodiniji Kalyan Kanwarji of Pratapgarh
- Ranawatji Deep Kanwarji of Mewar
- Kachwahiji Chandra Kanwarji of Narwar in Malwa
- Kachwahiji Laad Kanwarji of Khandela in Amber
- Tanwarji Atrang Kanwarji of Lakhasar in Bikaner
- Tanwarji Manohar Kanwarji of Lakhasar in Bikaner
- Issue: His progeny included:
- Swarup Singh
- Sujan Singh
- Anand Singh
- Rudra Singh
- Roop Singh
- Demise: Passed away in 1698 AD in Adoni, Deccan Subah. His death marked the end of a significant era in Bikaner’s history. Wikipedia
Maharaja Anup Singh’s Achievements
| Category | Details |
|---|---|
| Reign | 1669 – 1698 AD |
| Major Battles | – Siege of Golconda (1687 AD): Led Mughal forces to victory. – Capture of Adoni (1689 AD): Appointed as governor post-capture. |
| Titles Conferred | – “Maharaja”: Bestowed by Aurangzeb. – “Mahi Maratib”: Symbolizing distinguished service. |
| Cultural Contributions | – Anoop Sanskrit Library: Established to house Sanskrit manuscripts. – Patronage: Supported scholars like Bhav Bhatt and Anant Bhatt. |
| Architectural Works | – Anupgarh Fort: Built in 1678 AD to fortify the region. – Anup Mahal: Commissioned in 1690 within Junagarh Fort as a private audience hall. |
| Religious Endeavors | – Temple of 33 Crore Gods: Installed idols collected from South India. |
Maharaja Surat Singh (1787 – 1828 AD)
Ascension and Early Challenges
Maharaja Surat Singh ascended the throne of Bikaner in 1787 AD. His early reign was marked by internal strife and external threats, most notably from George Thomas, a military adventurer who attacked Bikaner twice during this period.
Capture and Renaming of Bhatner (1805 AD)
- In 1805 AD, Surat Singh successfully captured the fort of Bhatner.
- Since this victory occurred on a Tuesday—a day associated with Lord Hanuman, the name of Bhatner was changed to Hanumangarh in his honor.
- This event remains one of the significant achievements of his rule.
Siege of Churu (1814 AD)
- In 1814 AD, Surat Singh attacked Churu, where Thakur Syoji Singh was the ruler.
- During this siege, the defenders famously fired silver balls from their cannons, as their supply of lead and iron had depleted.
- This episode highlights the desperation and resilience of Churu’s defenders.
Treaty with the British (21 March 1818 AD)
- Facing internal revolts and external pressures, Surat Singh decided to align with the British East India Company.
- On March 21, 1818, he signed a treaty with the British, bringing Bikaner under their suzerainty.
- The treaty was signed between:
- British Representative: Charles Metcalfe
- Bikaner’s Representative: Kashinath Ojha
- This agreement ensured military support from the British and stabilized the political scenario in Bikaner.
Support to Jaipur in the Battle of Gingoli
- Surat Singh provided military assistance to Maharaja Jagat Singh II of Jaipur in the Battle of Gingoli.
- This move strengthened regional Rajput alliances during a politically unstable period.
Legacy
Maharaja Surat Singh’s reign was a blend of:
- Military conquests (Capture of Bhatner, Attack on Churu)
- Diplomatic strategies (Treaty with the British)
- Regional alliances (Support in the Battle of Gingoli)
His strategic decisions and expansionist policies significantly impacted the history of Bikaner, paving the way for the future rulers of the Rathore dynasty.
Maharaja Ratan Singh (1828 – 1851 AD)
Early Reign and Conflict with Jaisalmer
- 1829 AD: Maharaja Gaj Singh of Marwar defeated Jaisalmer in the Battle of Basanpir (Jaisalmer).
- To resolve the conflict, in 1835 AD, a peace agreement was mediated by Maharana Jawan Singh of Mewar.
- The British representative during this settlement was Trevelyan.
- Lieutenant Boileau documented this event in his book, “Personal Narrative Through Western States of Rajwara”.
Social Reforms
- 1837 AD: Under his rule, the practice of female slaughter (a brutal custom where newborn girls were sometimes killed due to social and economic reasons) was banned in Gaya (Bihar).
- This highlights his progressive and reformist approach towards governance.
Religious and Cultural Contributions
- Built the Ratna Bihari Temple in Bikaner, dedicated to the Vallabh sect.
- This temple remains an important religious landmark in Bikaner.
Court Scholars and Literary Contributions
- Dayaldas, a noted historian, wrote the famous chronicle:
- 📜 “Bikaner Ra Rathoda Ri Khyat” – This is considered the last famous historical book of Rajasthan.
- The book provides detailed historical accounts of the Rathore rulers of Bikaner (from Rao Bika to Maharaja Sardar Singh).
- It also includes valuable information on the Rathores of Jodhpur, making it an essential resource for Rajput history.
Legacy
Maharaja Ratan Singh’s reign was marked by:
- Diplomatic settlements (Treaty with Jaisalmer)
- Social reforms (Ban on female infanticide)
- Religious patronage (Construction of Ratna Bihari Temple)
- Historical documentation (Support to scholars like Dayaldas)
His rule was a blend of political strategy, social progress, and cultural development, leaving a lasting impact on Bikaner’s history.
Maharaja Ganga Singh (1887 – 1943 AD)
Maharaja Ganga Singh was one of the most influential rulers of Bikaner, known for his military achievements, administrative reforms, and visionary development projects. His reign was marked by modernization, irrigation advancements, and significant contributions to British military campaigns.
Early Reign and British Recognition
- In 1899 AD, Ganga Singh played a role in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in China, earning the China War Medal from the British.
- That same year, during the Chhappaniya Famine, his efficient relief efforts earned him the prestigious British title of “Kesar-e-Hind”.
Military Achievements and International Influence
- He formed an elite camel regiment known as “Ganga Risala”, which participated in both World War I and World War II.
- In 1919 AD, he participated in the Paris Peace Conference, making him one of the few Indian rulers to have a say in post-war negotiations.
- On his return, he sent his famous “Rome Note”, advocating for self-governance for India.
- During World War I, he was the only non-white member of the British War Cabinet, highlighting his international prominence.
- In 1921 AD, he was appointed the Chancellor of the Chamber of Princes (1921-1925) by Governor-General Chelmsford.
Development and Infrastructure
- In 1913 AD, he established the Praja Pratinidhi Sabha, introducing early democratic representation in Bikaner.
- In 1916 AD, he provided major financial aid to Madan Mohan Malviya for the establishment of Banaras Hindu University (BHU).
- In 1927 AD, he constructed the Gang Canal, Rajasthan’s first major irrigation project, earning him the title “Bhagirath of Rajasthan”.
- The chief engineer of the Gang Canal was Kanwar Sain.
- It was inaugurated by Governor-General Lord Irwin at Shivpuri Head.
Architectural and Cultural Contributions
- Built the Lalgarh Palace in Bikaner in memory of his father Lal Singh.
- Revamped the temples of Ramdevra (Jaisalmer), Deshnok (Bikaner), and Gogamedi (Hanumangarh).
- Introduced new coinage:
- Bikaner coins were inscribed with “Victoria Empress” (Queen Victoria).
- Meanwhile, in Mewar, Maharana Swaroop Singh had “Dosti London” inscribed on coins.
Participation in Round Table Conferences
Maharaja Ganga Singh was an active participant in India’s constitutional discussions with the British government. He attended all three Round Table Conferences held in London:
- 1930 AD
- 1931 AD
- 1932 AD
These conferences were crucial in shaping India’s political future and discussing self-governance under British rule.
Legacy and Impact
Maharaja Ganga Singh’s reign was a golden period for Bikaner. His progressive leadership, diplomatic skills, and modernization efforts placed Bikaner among the most advanced princely states of India. His contributions to irrigation, military, and administration remain unparalleled.