Marwar was ruled by the Rathore dynasty from year 1226 to 1947 AD spanning around 93,424 square kilometres (36,071 sq mi). At the time of independence of India from the British, the princely state of Marwar was the largest princely state of Rajasthan in terms of area.
Origin of Rathores
Historians have different views regarding the origin of Rathores. According to the books of Bhato, Rathore is the child of Hiranyakashyap. In the fame of Jodhpur state, he is written to be born from King Vrihadbal, the son of King Vishutman.
Dayaldas considered him Suryavanshi and told him to be the child of Brahmin Bhallrao. The Rathores of Nainsi Marwar has been described as a branch coming from Kannauj. Colonel Tod has called them Suryavanshi on the basis of the genealogies of Rathores.
Although there is a difference of opinion among historians regarding the origin of the Rathores, all the scholars have related them to the Rashtrakutas of Southern India.
- If from Kannauj – Gahadwal dynasty
- If from Southern India – Rashtrakutas
Family Tree of Rathore Dynasty Ruling Kings in Marwar
Rao Siha of Marwar
Rao Siha founded the Rathore dynasty in Rajasthan and the kingdom of Marwar. He was the progenitor of the Rathores of Rajasthan. Who is considered a descendant of Gahadwal Jaichand of Kannauj. He had come to Marwar from Kannauj to help the Paliwal Brahmins and drive away Meds and Meenas.
Rao Siha established his initial rule, made the Kingdom of Pali, and established Khed (in present-day Barmer district) as his capital.
As a legacy, his Chhattari (cenotaph – memorial structure) is located in Bithu (Pali). And he is said to have inspired Rudyard Kipling for the character of Mowgli.
The Marwar Royal family is considered the head house of Rathores. Rao Siha is known as the “Adipurush” (founding ancestor) of the Rathores.
Rao Doohad
Rao Doohad, son of Rao Asthan, ruled from Pali and Khed after inheriting his father’s estates in 1291 AD. He expanded his territory by conquering 140 villages but was killed in 1309 AD while attempting to reclaim Mandore from the Parihaars.
He brought the idol of his Kuldevi Nagnechiya Mata from Karnataka and built a temple in Nagana (Barmer). Lokdevta Pabuji was the son of his younger brother Dhandhal.
Rao Mallinath
Rao Mallinath, the eldest son of Rao Salkhaji of Mehwanagar, is revered as a folk hero of Rajasthan. Known for his bravery and saintly nature, he is honored through the annual Mallinath cattle fair at Tilwara, Barmer.
Important points to note
- Capital – Mewanagar (Barmer)
- Mallinath ji is the folk deity of western Rajasthan.
- Barmer area is called ‘Malani‘ because of Mallinath ji.
- The songs of Gindoli are sung on Gangaur.
Rao Chunda (1394 – 1423 AD)
Rao Chunda Rathore, the 12th ruler of Marwar, was a visionary leader who laid the foundation for the consolidation of Rathore rule in the region. His reign was marked by strategic alliances, military conquests, and bold resistance against powerful adversaries, including the Tughlaq Empire. His rise from exile to dominance in Marwar is a testament to his resilience, leadership, and martial prowess.
Early Life and Struggles
Chunda was born into the Rathore dynasty but faced adversity early in life. His father, Viramdev, died in battle against the Johiyas, leading to the loss of their ancestral territories. With his inheritance seized, Chunda found refuge under Alhaji Barhath, a Charan from Kalau village, who raised him with care and later provided him with a horse and weapons. Recognizing his nephew’s potential, Rawal Mallinath, Chunda’s uncle, granted him a small outpost at Salavari for his maintenance.
Chunda quickly demonstrated his skills as a warrior and leader. With his growing strength, he started expanding his holdings, proving his ability to reclaim and govern lost territories. His rise from a dispossessed prince to a ruler was marked by a series of military campaigns and alliances that reshaped Marwar’s political landscape.
The Alliance with the Pratihars and Rise to Power
In 1395 AD, the Pratihars of Mandore sought Chunda’s assistance against the Tughlaq Empire, which was then one of the most formidable forces in India. The alliance was cemented through Chunda’s marriage to a Pratihar princess, and as a dowry, he was granted the fortified city of Mandore along with a thousand villages. This strategic marriage significantly strengthened Chunda’s position, allowing him to establish a stronghold in Marwar.
This historical event was immortalized in a Rajasthani Dingal couplet:
“ईदौं रो उपकार, कमधज कदे न बीसरे, चूँडै चंवरी चाड़, दी मंडोवर दायजै।”
Which translates as:
“The Rathores shall always remember the obligation of the Indas, who gave a daughter in marriage and Mandore in dowry to Rao Chunda.”
With Mandore under his control, Chunda established it as the Rathore capital, marking a new era in Marwar’s history.
Confrontation with the Tughlaq Empire
Chunda’s growing power soon attracted the attention of the Tughlaq Empire. The Sultanate dispatched an army under Zafar Khan, the governor of Gujarat, to suppress Chunda’s influence. However, Chunda successfully defended Mandore, thwarting the Mughal attempt to reassert control over Marwar.
Around the same time, Timur’s invasion of Delhi weakened the Tughlaq Empire, forcing Zafar Khan to negotiate peace with Chunda. Initially agreeing to pay tribute, Chunda later broke this agreement and launched an offensive against the Tughlaqs. In a bold military campaign, he captured Sambhar, Didwana, Khatu, and Ajmer—expanding Rathore territory significantly.
Chunda’s expansionist ambitions did not stop there. He defeated the Chauhans of Nadol, seizing their lands, and even waged war against his own brother, Jai Singh, for refusing to aid him against the Tughlaqs. This internal conflict resulted in the capture of Phalodi by Chunda. His conquests culminated in 1408 AD with the capture of Nagaur, which he decided to make his new seat of power, leaving Mandore under the administration of one of his sons.
Death and Legacy
Chunda’s rapid expansion and growing influence alarmed the neighboring rulers. In response, a coalition of chieftains formed an alliance against him, including the Rao of Pugal, the Sankhlas of Janglu, and Khidar Khan of Multan. They launched a coordinated attack on Chunda while he was at Nagaur.
Betrayal within his own ranks left Chunda unprepared for the assault. Facing overwhelming odds, he refused to surrender and led a final charge against his enemies, dying heroically in battle.
Before his death, Chunda had declared his younger son, Kanha, as his successor, bypassing his eldest son, Ranmal. Feeling slighted, Ranmal left Marwar and sought refuge in the neighboring kingdom of Mewar, a move that would later influence the course of Rajput history.
Important to note
Rao Chunda Rathore’s reign was a turning point in Marwar’s history. Through strategic alliances, military conquests, and defiance against the Tughlaq Empire, he laid the groundwork for the Rathore dynasty’s dominance. His leadership not only expanded Marwar’s boundaries but also strengthened its cultural and political foundations. Though he fell in battle, his legacy endured through his descendants, shaping the future of the Rathore clan and Marwar’s history for generations to come.
- The Pratihara (Inda) king married his princess to Chunda and gave Mandore as dowry. Now the capital of Rathores had become Mandore.
- Its queen Chand Kanwar got Chand Bawdi constructed in Jodhpur.
- In 1423 AD, he was treacherously killed by the Bhatis of Pungal (Bikaner).
- He declared his younger son Kanha as the successor. So his elder son Ranmal went to Mewar and married his sister Hansa Bai to Rana Lakha of Mewar. Later, with the help of the army of Mewar, he became the king of Marwar.
Rao Jodha (1438-1489 AD)
Rao Jodha Rathore (28 March 1416 – 6 April 1489) was the 15th Rajput chief of the Rathore clan and a legendary ruler of the Kingdom of Marwar in present-day Rajasthan. Known for his military brilliance and strategic vision, he played a crucial role in strengthening the Rathore rule. His most enduring legacy is the foundation of Jodhpur in 1459, which became the new capital of Marwar after Mandore.
Ancestry and Early Challenges
Rao Jodha was the eldest son of Rao Ranmal (also known as Rao Ridmal). His father secured the throne of Mandore in 1427 and served as the administrator of Mewar under Maharana Mokal. After Mokal’s assassination in 1433, Ranmal continued as an influential figure in the court of Rana Kumbha. However, the political landscape changed drastically when Rana Kumbha had Rao Ranmal assassinated in Chittor.
After his father’s murder, Jodha narrowly escaped with a handful of loyal followers. He was relentlessly pursued by Rawat Chunda, an uncle of Kumbha, whose army decimated most of Jodha’s men. Despite these setbacks, Jodha sought refuge in Kahuni and patiently rebuilt his strength over several years.
Coronation as Rao (1439 AD)
As Rathore power weakened due to Sisodia aggression, the Rathore clans set aside their internal conflicts and united under Jodha’s leadership. At Kavani, Rathore chiefs declared him as their rightful ruler. To legitimize his rule, Jodha sought the blessings of Karni Mata, a revered mystic of Rajasthan.
On Kartik Vadi 5, Samvat 1496 (1439 AD), Rao Jodha was formally coronated as the ruler of Marwar. Since Karni Mata could not personally attend, she sent her son Punya Raj, who performed the Raj-Tilak ceremony. She also gifted Jodha five leaves of Jhadberi, which he respectfully placed in his turban. This event marked the beginning of his determined campaign to restore and expand his kingdom.
Military Campaigns and the Rise of Marwar
War with Mewar and the Recapture of Mandore (1453 AD)
Jodha’s primary goal was to reclaim Mandore, his ancestral capital, from the Sisodias. For 12 years, he meticulously planned his attack, waiting for the right moment as advised by Karni Mata.
In 1453 AD, after receiving Karni Mata’s blessing, Jodha launched his campaign. He received assistance from various Rajput chiefs and loyal followers, including Kalu Mangalia, who infiltrated the enemy’s defenses.
Jodha’s army, numbering 700 horsemen and 10,000 foot soldiers, stormed Mandore by night. The Sisodias and their Rathore allies were caught off guard, and by sunrise, Jodha had retaken the city. Following this victory, his brother Rao Kandhal captured Chokri, Merta, and Ajmer, further consolidating Rathore power in Marwar.
Conflict with the Delhi Sultanate and Expansion of Marwar
During Jodha’s war with Rana Kumbha, the Delhi Sultanate took advantage of the situation and seized several Rathore strongholds, including Nagaur, Jhalor, and Siwana. Determined to reclaim these territories, Jodha formed alliances with various Rajput clans, including the Deoras and Bhatis.
With their support, he launched a counteroffensive against the Delhi army and successfully captured:
- Merta, Phalodi, Pokran, Bhadrajun, Sojat, Jaitaran, Siwana, parts of Nagaur, and Godwar.
These regions were permanently integrated into Marwar, making it the most powerful Rajput kingdom of its time.
Peace Treaty with Mewar and Further Expansion
After reclaiming Mandore, Jodha signed a peace treaty with Rana Kumbha to end hostilities. As a symbol of alliance, Jodha’s daughter was married to Rana Kumbha’s son Raimal.
Following this agreement, Jodha expanded his territories further by:
- Defeating the Mohils and capturing Chapar Drona.
- Driving out the Pathans from Fatehpur.
To strengthen his kingdom, Jodha assigned frontier territories to his sons:
- Duda – Merta
- Satal – Satalmer (Bhati territories)
- Suja – Sojat
- Raipal – Asop (from Fateh Khan)
- Karamsi – Khimsar
- Bika – Founded Bikaner with the help of his uncle, Kandhal
Jodha’s growing power even led Rana Kumbha to seek an alliance with him. After Kumbha’s death, his successor Rana Udai Singh I sought Jodha’s aid against internal rivals, offering Sambhar and Ajmer in return.
Final Battle Against the Delhi Sultanate (1489 AD)
In 1489 AD, Sarang Khan, the governor of Hisar, killed Jodha’s brother Kandhal in a skirmish. In retaliation, Rao Jodha and his son Bika led a major campaign against the Delhi forces at Dronpur. The battle resulted in heavy casualties for both sides, but the Rathores emerged victorious.
Foundation of Jodhpur (1459 AD)
After securing Mandore, Jodha sought a more defensible capital. He chose Chidia-tunk, a high rocky ridge 9 km south of Mandore, as the site for a new city.
In 1459 AD, he founded Jodhpur and commissioned the construction of the Mehrangarh Fort, one of Rajasthan’s most formidable fortresses. Positioned on a 125-meter-high hill, the fort was further expanded by his successors.
Jodhpur’s strategic location on the Delhi-Gujarat trade route helped it flourish economically, with commerce in silk, opium, sandalwood, and copper boosting its prosperity.
Architectural Contributions
Jodha’s rule saw the construction of several public works, including:
- Kodamdesar Pond (built by his mother, Koram De)
- Ranisar Tank (built by his wife, Rani Hadi Jasmade)
- Chand Baori (built by Rani Sonagri Chand Kanwar)
Death and Succession Struggles
Rao Jodha passed away on 6 April 1489, at the age of 73. His death triggered a succession dispute among his sons:
- Rao Satal (1489–1491) succeeded him but died in battle.
- Rao Suja (1491–1515) later took over the throne.
Despite internal struggles, Jodha’s legacy as the founder of Jodhpur and the greatest Rathore ruler of his time remained intact.
Legacy
Rao Jodha Rathore is remembered as one of Marwar’s most powerful and visionary rulers. His leadership transformed the Rathore kingdom into a dominant Rajput power. His decision to shift the capital to Jodhpur ensured the dynasty’s security and prosperity for centuries to come.
Today, Jodhpur and Mehrangarh Fort stand as lasting testaments to his courage, strategic foresight, and enduring legacy in Rajasthan’s history.
Note important points
He was the son of Ranmal. After the murder of Ranmal in Chittor in 1438 AD, he organized his power by staying in the jungles, and in 1453 AD he succeeded in getting Mandore through the treaty of Aanwal-Banwal.
- Jodhpur was established in 1459. Mehrangarh fort was built on the Chidiantunk hill in Jodhpur. Karni Mata (Ranmal’s religious sister) laid the foundation of Mehrangarh Fort. In 1460 AD, Rao Jodha had built the temple of Chamunda Mata in Mehrangarh fort.
- He defeated the army of Sultan Bahlol Lodi of Delhi.
- Dr. Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha considers him the first glorious ruler of Jodhpur.
- Its queen Jasmade got the Ranisar pond constructed in Jodhpur.
- Jodha’s son (Bika) founded Bikaner.
Rao Maldeo (1531-62 AD)
Rao Maldeo Rathore (5 December 1511 – 7 November 1562) was a formidable ruler of the Rathore dynasty, governing Marwar with an expansionist vision. His reign (1531–1562) was marked by strategic conquests and military prowess, making him one of the most powerful Rajput rulers of his time. His influence extended over parts of present-day Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, and Sindh.
Maldeo’s independent policies kept him from allying with either the Sur Empire or the Mughal Empire. His rule is extensively documented in Persian chronicles such as Tabaaq-i-Akbari by Nizamuddin and Tarik-i-Ferishta by Ferishta, where he is praised as the most powerful monarch in Hindustan during his time.
Early Life and Ascension to the Throne
Born to Rao Ganga and Rani Padma Kumari, Maldeo had a strong military background. He played an active role in campaigns alongside his father and Rana Sanga of Mewar, proving his leadership skills. Notable early battles include:
- Siege of Bayana (1527) – Supported Rana Sanga with a 4,000-strong force.
- Battle of Khanwa (1527) – Led an attack against the Mughal forces of Babur.
- Rebellions in Marwar – Defeated rebels in Sojat and subdued Rao Veeram Dev of Merta.
Maldeo’s ambition led him to question his father’s authority, and according to chronicler Muhnot Nainsi, he allegedly pushed his father from a balcony while he was intoxicated with opium, though some sources claim the fall was accidental.
Expansion of Marwar
Maldeo transformed Marwar from a minor principality into a dominant Rajput kingdom. His strategic military campaigns enabled him to consolidate 40 districts under direct control.
At the time of coronation, only two parganas, Jodhpur and Sojat (where Maldev’s coronation took place) were under the control of Maldev, but later Maldev won 58 parganas through 52 wars under his imperialist policy.
Major Conquests
| Year | Territory Conquered | Opponent Defeated |
|---|---|---|
| 1533 | Phalodi | Bhati rulers of Jaisalmer |
| 1534 | Nagaur | Daulat Khan |
| 1535 | Ajmer | Biram Dev |
| 1536 | Bilara | Sirvi rulers |
| 1537 | Jaisalmer | Rawal Lunkaran (through marriage alliance) |
| 1538 | Siwana | Dungar Singh |
| 1539 | Bhadrajun & Raipur | Veera Sindhal |
| 1542 | Bikaner | Rao Jaitsi |
| 1544 | Jalore | Sultan Sikandar Khan |
Phalodi after defeating the Bhati rulers of Jaisalmer in 1533 AD, Nagaur by defeating Daulat Khan in 1535 AD, Bilara by defeating Sirvi in 1536 AD, Dungar Singh defeated Siwana in 1538 AD. In 1539 AD, after defeating Veera Sindhal, captured Bhadrajuna and Raipur. After defeating Sikandar Khan, captured Jalore. He won the wars of Sojat and Sevki during the time of his father Ganga.
Maldeo abolished the Jizya tax in his newly conquered territories and promoted Hindu rule. His dominion stretched from Jhajjar (Haryana) to Sindh (Pakistan) and as far as Gujarat in the southwest.
Wars and Conflicts
Battle of Paheba/Saheba – 1541 AD Maldev v/s Jaitsi (Bikaner)
Jaitasi was killed while fighting in the war. Maldev won and he captured Bikaner. Maldev made Kumpa the administrator of Bikaner. Son of Jaitsi Kalyanmal went to Shershah Suri (King of Delhi) and asked for help. In 1542, Maldev captured Medta as well and Veeramdev, the king of Medta went to Sher Shah Suri and asked for help.
Maldev Shershah Suri Relation
Battle of Giri Sumel/Battle of Jaitaran (Pali) – 1544
| Side – I | Side – II |
|---|---|
| Maldeo | Sher Shah Suri |
| Koompa | Kalyanmal (Bikaner) |
| Jaita | Veeramdev (Merta) (Nagaur) |
Reasons of Conflict
- Imperialist ambitions of both the rulers.
- Maldeo’s kingdom was touching the Delhi Sultanate, which was a threat to Sher Shah.
- Maldeo allowed Humayun to leave Suri’s kingdom safely and offered to help him. So Sher Shah wanted to punish Maldeo.
- Shershah had the support of Kalyanmal (Bikaner) and Veeramdev (Merta) and wanted to take advantage of this trap of the Rathores.
Maldeo went back to Jodhpur due to the cleverness of Sher Shah Suri. Jaita and Kumpa fought against Sher Shah Suri. With the help of Jalal Khan Jalwani, Sher Shah Suri won and after winning he had said “I would have lost the kingdom of India for a handful of millet”. Shershah’s army had 80000 soldiers, while Jaita and Kumpa had only 12000 soldiers.
One of the most significant battles of Maldeo’s reign was against Sher Shah Suri, who deceived Maldeo into abandoning his own generals. However, his commanders Jaita and Kumpa chose to fight against 80,000 Afghan soldiers with only 4,000-12,000 Rajput warriors. The Afghan victory was costly, and Sher Shah is quoted as saying:
“मुट्ठी भर बाजरे के लिए मैं हिन्दुस्तान की बादशाहत खो देता” translates to “I had given away the country of Delhi for a handful of millets.”
— Sher Shah Suri
Maldev goes to Sivana (hills in Barmer). Sivana was called the refuge of the Rathores of Marwar. Sher Shah captured Jodhpur and handed over it to Khawas Khan. After a few days, Maldev would regain control over Jodhpur.
Though Maldeo lost Jodhpur temporarily, he reclaimed his territories in 1545 after Sher Shah’s death.
Maldev makes diplomatic mistakes in relations with Sher Shah Suri. If he did not allow Kalyanmal and Veeramdev to go to Shershah Suri, he could have made an alliance with the Rathores. Had he not fallen for Shershah Suri’s cunning, he would win the battle of Giri-Sumel.
Maldeo-Mewar Relations
Helped Rana Sanga in the Battle of Khanwa as the Prince of Marwar.
Helped Uday Singh against Banveer. Later due to a dispute with Uday Singh, he helped Haji Khan Pathan of Ajmer against Uday Singh in the war of Harmada.
Conflict with Mewar and Udai Singh II
Initially an ally of Udai Singh II, Maldeo later took advantage of internal Mewari disputes, securing garrisons in Mewar, Bundi, and Ranthambore. This led to a bitter rivalry between the two Rajput leaders.
Battle of Harmoda (1557)
Maldeo, along with Haji Khan Sur, defeated Udai Singh II of Mewar in this battle. Following his victory, Maldeo annexed Merta and Amber, forcing Bharmal of Amer to accept his suzerainty.
Relations with the Mughals
Maldeo’s interactions with the Mughal Empire were marked by distrust and rivalry.
Maldeo and Humayun Relationships: Humayun’s Flight (1540s)
Humayun sought refuge in Marwar after being defeated by Sher Shah Suri. However, due to strained relations, he was forced to flee.
Humayun was passing through Rajasthan after being defeated by Sher Shah Suri (in the battles of Chausa and Kannauj). From a place called Jogi Tirtha, he sent three messengers to Maldeo for help –
- Mir Samand
- Raimal Soni
- Atka Khan
Maldeo promised to give Bikaner and military help.
Humayun does not trust Maldeo and goes towards Sindh (Pakistan) on the advice of his cheif librarian, Mulla Surkh.
He took refuge with Virasal Sodha, the king of Amarkot.
If Maldeo and Humayun had shown some sense, they could have formed an alliance against Sher Shah Suri. And could end Afghan rule from India.
Read more about Maldeo and Humyun Relationships and How they missed an opportunity?
Mughal-Rajput relations which were started by Akbar. Those relationships can start right now.
Akbar’s Invasions (1557–1562)
Akbar launched several expeditions against Marwar. While Ajmer and Nagaur were lost, Maldeo successfully defended Jodhpur and surrounding regions.
Administration and Military Reforms
Maldeo was a visionary administrator who strengthened his kingdom with efficient governance and military reforms.
Administrative System
- Introduced Chindhars, a regular cavalry force.
- Established military outposts in key cities like Sojat and Siwana.
- Maintained direct control over 58 parganas.
Military Strength
| Unit | Description |
|---|---|
| Chindhars | Salaried cavalry force |
| Rajput Warriors | Elite infantry and cavalry |
| Bhati Soldiers | Employed from Jaisalmer |
| War Elephants | Used in siege warfare |
Personal Life and Family
Maldeo was married to Umade Bhattiyani, the daughter of Rawal Lunkaran of Jaisalmer. Due to a conflict involving a maid named Bharmali, Umade distanced herself from Maldeo, earning the title “Ruthi Rani”. She spent something of her time in Ajmer in Taragarh fort, but later she moved to Kelwa (Rajsamand).
Court Scholars and Literature
- Ashanand: Court poet who wrote Umade Bhatiani Ra Kavit, Duha of Bagha Bharmali, and Gogaji Ri Pedi. He had participated in the war of Pahiba.
- Bagha Bharmali: Notable poet from Maldeo’s court who wrote Hala Jhala Ri Kundalia (Sur Satsai), Deviyan, and Hariras. Isardasji is a folk deity in western Rajasthan.
Maldev’s construction work
Maldev constructed many forts in Merta (Nagaur), Riyan (Nagaur), Sojat (Pali), and Pokaran (Jaisalmer). He also built the ramparts in Jodhpur. His queen Swaroopade constructed the Swaroopsagar pond (Bahuji Ro Talab) in Mandore.
Maldev’s titles
- Hindu emperor
- King of Hashmat
Death and Legacy
Maldev died on 7 November 1562. Displeased with his eldest son Ram Singh, he banished him from the state. Uday Singh was also not made his successor and declared his third son Chandrasen as the successor of Marwar. However, this led to a fratricidal conflict among his sons, So Ram Singh and Uday Singh got angry and went to Akbar, which weakened Marwar and allowed Akbar to seize control of key territories.
Legacy in Indian History
- One of the most expansionist Rajput rulers.
- Successfully resisted both the Sur and Mughal Empires.
- Restored Hindu rule in many regions by driving out Afghan forces.
- Built a strong Rajput military with an extensive cavalry force.
Rao Maldeo Rathore’s reign marked a golden period for Marwar’s territorial expansion and military strength. Despite his strategic miscalculations in diplomacy, he remains a celebrated figure in Rajput history for his unparalleled courage and administrative reforms. His legacy continues to inspire the Rajput warrior ethos, solidifying his place as one of the greatest rulers of Rajasthan.
Rao Chandrasen Rathore (1562–81 AD)
Early Life and Ascension to the Throne
Rao Chandrasen Rathore was born on 30 July 1541, as the sixth son of Rao Maldeo Rathore, the ruler of Marwar. Though he had older brothers, his father named him his successor, disregarding the claims of his elder siblings Ram and Udai Singh. This decision led to internal conflicts among the Rathore brothers.
Upon Rao Maldeo’s death on 7 November 1562, Chandrasen ascended the throne of Marwar. However, his reign was immediately challenged by his brothers, who rebelled against him in different regions. While he successfully defeated Udai Singh in Lohawat (1562) and Ram in Nadaul (1563), the internal strife weakened his rule.
Conflict with the Mughal Empire
The internal conflict within the Rathore dynasty provided an opportunity for Emperor Akbar to interfere in Marwar. Ram sought Akbar’s assistance, prompting the Mughal invasion of Jodhpur in 1564, led by Hussain Quli Baig. As a result, Chandrasen had to retreat to Bhadrajun (Jalore). Visvesvarnath Reu has considered the non-cooperation done by Maldeo towards Humayun as the reason for Akbar’s attack on Jodhpur.
Despite repeated Mughal attacks, Chandrasen never accepted Mughal suzerainty and continued to resist Akbar’s forces.
In 1570, Chandrasen attended Akbar’s Nagaur Durbar, but after seeing the emperor’s inclination toward Udai Singh, he left without meeting him. Historians differ on whether Chandrasen was invited by Akbar for negotiations. According to Abul Fazl and Badayuni, Chandrasen had accepted Mughal submission, but this claim is widely disputed.
According to Ramkaran Asopa, Chandrasen was invited by Akbar for a meeting. According to Vishweshwar Nath Reu, Akbar wished that if Chandrasen accepts submission, he will be given the state of Jodhpur.
According to Abul Fazl and Badayuni, Chandrasen had accepted the submission of Akbar, but this is untrue because if it were so, Chandrasen would have been expelled from the Nagaur court. There is no need to flee and Akbar does not attack Bhadrajun.
Guerrilla Warfare and Exile
Chandrasen adopted guerrilla warfare tactics, striking at Mughal forces but never engaging in direct battles like Maharana Pratap. His struggle was made difficult due to the geographical landscape of Marwar, which consisted mostly of deserts rather than mountains, making prolonged guerrilla warfare challenging.
He took shelter in various locations such as Sivana, Kanuja, and Piplund, and even sought refuge with King Askaran of Dungarpur. Despite his efforts, Chandrasen’s resistance weakened due to lack of resources, betrayal, and Mughal pressure.
Akbar launched a massive campaign against him in 1575, with commanders like Shah Quli Khan, Rai Singh, Keshav Das, and Shahbaz Khan leading Mughal forces.
- Battle of Siwana (1576) – Akbar’s forces, led by Shahbaz Khan, besieged Siwana Fort, forcing Chandrasen to flee.
- Battle of Pokaran (1576) – Rawal Harraj of Jaisalmer attacked Pokaran, and Chandrasen, in need of funds, exchanged the fort for one lakh fadiya (coins).
- Final Resistance (1580) – Left with just a few hundred loyal soldiers, Chandrasen made Sojat his capital and continued to fight.
Death and Legacy
On 11 January 1581, Barisal, a feudal lord, poisoned Chandrasen at Sinchai (Pali), in the hills of Saran. His death marked the end of resistance against the Mughals in Marwar, and Akbar placed Marwar under direct Mughal rule. In 1583, Akbar restored the throne to Udai Singh, Chandrasen’s elder brother.
Titles and Legacy
- “Maharana Pratap of Marwar” – Vishweshwar Nath Reu
- “Pratap’s Guide / Pioneer”
- “The Forgotten King of Marwar” – Rao Chandrasen
Comparison Between Chandrasen and Maharana Pratap
| Similarities | Differences |
|---|---|
| Both refused to submit to Akbar. | Pratap’s Mughal resistance started after his coronation, but Chandrasen’s started after the Nagaur Durbar. |
| Both used guerrilla warfare tactics. | Pratap fought direct battles (Haldighati, Diver), but Chandrasen relied on raids. |
| Both had to face opposition from their brothers. Like — Jagmal and Sagar to Pratap and Ram and Uday Singh to Chandrasen. | Pratap’s resistance continued after his death through his son, but Chandrasen’s ended with his death. |
| Akbar had captured most of the states of both, but continued the struggle even on the strength of a little land. | Pratap established Chavand as his base, but Chandrasen never had a permanent center. |
| Both had to take shelter outside their state. For example, Pratap took shelter in the field of Chhappan (Banswada) and Chandrasen took refuge with King Askaran of Dungarpur. | Pratap had Bhamashah’s financial support, while Chandrasen lacked strong allies. Pratap communicates nationalist sentiments among the people of Mewar but Chandrasen could not do so. |
Despite these disparities, Chandrasen can be called Pratap of Marwar, because compared to Pratap, Chandrasen’s geographical conditions were unfavorable, because Mewar was a mountainous region which was suitable for guerilla warfare while Chandrasen had a flat desert. Where guerrilla war cannot be done for a long time. Pratap got the support of charitable companions like Bhamashah and Tarachand, but Chandrasen kept missing such cooperation. Chandrasen’s resistance is considered heroic, given his disadvantageous geographical conditions and lack of support compared to Maharana Pratap.
Nagaur Durbar (1570)
- Akbar organized the Nagaur Durbar in 1570, under the pretext of famine relief work, but the real motive was to subjugate the Rajput rulers.
- Several Rajput rulers accepted Akbar’s supremacy:
- Kalyanmal (Bikaner)
- Harraj (Jaisalmer)
- Udai Singh (Chandrasen’s brother, Jodhpur)
- Akbar constructed the Shukra Talab (Nagaur) during this time.
Significance of the Nagaur Durbar
- Akbar diplomatically subdued Rajasthan’s kings without war.
- Rajasthan’s rulers became divided into:
- Mughal allies
- Anti-Mughal resistors
- The rise of Mughal-dependent kings in Rajasthan, like Man Singh (Amer) and Raisingh (Bikaner).
- Peace in Rajasthan encouraged artistic and cultural development.
- Akbar appointed Raisingh of Bikaner as the administrator of Jodhpur (1572–74) and later declared Jodhpur as Khalsa (directly ruled by the Mughal empire).
Other Important Events
- Chandrasen appointed Patta Rathore in the fort of Siwana, but it was later captured by Mughal general Shahbaz Khan.
- Chandrasen killed Mughal general Jalal Khan in Rampura.
- In October 1576, Rawal Harraj of Jaisalmer attacked Pokaran, this time Chandrasen took one lakh ‘fadiye’ (coins) and gave the fort of Pokaran to Jaisalmer as he needed money against the Mughals.
- Chandrasen fought Mughal invasions in regions like Mewar, Sirohi, Dungarpur, Banswara, and Ajmer.
- His key war companions were Rao Sukhraj, Souza, and Devidas.
- Chandrasen defeated his brother Uday Singh in the battle of Lohavat and defeated his brother Ram in the battle of Nadaul.
Family and Dynasty
| Full Name | Rao Chandrasen Rathore |
|---|---|
| Reign | 7 November 1562 – 11 January 1581 |
| Coronation | 31 December 1562 |
| Predecessor | Rao Maldeo Rathore |
| Successor | Udai Singh |
| Spouses | Multiple Rajput princesses from Marwar, Amber, Jaisalmer, Mewar, Bundi, and Bikaner |
| Children | Rai Singh, Askaran, Ugrasen, and daughters married into Rajput royal families |
| Dynasty | Rathore |
| Father | Rao Maldeo Rathore |
| Mother | Jhali Swarup Deiji (daughter of Rana Jait Singh of Delwara, Mewar) |
Final Thoughts
Rao Chandrasen Rathore remains an underrated figure in Rajput history, often overshadowed by Maharana Pratap. However, his unyielding resistance against the mighty Mughal Empire, despite internal betrayals and resource constraints, cements his legacy as the “Pratap of Marwar.”
Mota Raja Udai Singh (1583 – 95 AD)
Early Life
Udai Singh Rathore, often referred to as Mota Raja (which means “eldest son inheriting the throne” in the Rajasthani language), was also physically large, leading many to mistakenly associate the title with his appearance, was born on 13 January 1538 in Jodhpur, Marwar. He was the son of Rao Maldeo Rathore and Rani Swarup Deviji. He was the elder and only full-brother of Chandrasen Rathore, who succeeded their father as the ruler of Marwar.
When Rao Maldeo nominated Chandrasen as his successor, Udai Singh opposed this decision. To pacify him, his mother convinced Maldeo to grant Udai Singh the region of Phalodi.
War of Succession & Mughal Intervention
After Maldeo’s death, Chandrasen ascended the throne, leading to a war of succession between the brothers. Marwar did not strictly follow primogeniture (eldest son inheriting the throne), but rarely was the right of the elder son completely set aside.
- Udai Singh revolted at Gagani, while other rivals, Ramchandra and Raimal, rebelled in different regions.
- In December 1562, Udai Singh suffered defeat at Lohawat, where both sides incurred heavy losses.
- Meanwhile, Emperor Akbar was forming alliances with other Rajput rulers, which left Chandrasen isolated. By 1564, Akbar’s army captured Jodhpur, and Chandrasen continued to resist until his death in 1581.
With Marwar under Mughal control, its territories were divided among Rajput chieftains who supported Akbar. The ruler of Bikaner was appointed as Marwar’s governor, while Maldeo’s sons were sidelined.
Service Under the Mughal Empire
In 1570, Udai Singh attended Akbar’s court in Nagaur, where he accepted Mughal suzerainty. He was granted a mansab of 800 and was entrusted with military expeditions against rebellious factions.
- After proving his capabilities, he was granted control of Jodhpur in August 1583.
- He participated in campaigns against Muzaffar Khan of Gujarat, leading to Gujarat’s annexation into the Mughal Empire.
- He helped suppress a rebellion by Daulat Khan Lodi and assisted in Mughal operations across Rajasthan.
Marriage Alliance with the Mughals
To strengthen ties with the Mughal Empire, Udai Singh married his daughter Manibai (Jodh Bai), born to his chief queen Manrang Devi, to Prince Salim (Jahangir).
- This marriage proved crucial in securing Marwar’s position within the Mughal administration.
- Akbar granted Udai Singh a mansab of 1000 and conferred upon him the title of Raja.
- The marital alliance ensured future ties between Marwar and the Mughal Empire, preventing further conflicts.
However, not everyone in the Rathore clan supported this alliance. Kalyandas Rathore, Udai Singh’s nephew, opposed the marriage, believing it compromised Rajput honor.
- Akbar ordered Udai Singh to eliminate Kalyandas, who fled to Siwana Fort.
- Udai Singh launched a military campaign, and Kalyandas died in battle in 1589 after performing jauhar (self-immolation by Rajput women) within the fort.
Administrative & Cultural Contributions
During Udai Singh’s reign, Marwar flourished under Mughal influence. He introduced several reforms, including:
- Mughal administrative practices like Peshkash (tribute system) and Dah-Chauki (military patrols).
- He commissioned the construction of a part of Jodhpur Fort and the cenotaph of Rao Maldeo at Mandore.
- Under his rule, art and architecture flourished, and Jodhpur saw increased economic growth.
Final Years & Death
By 1592, Akbar appointed Udai Singh as the administrator of Lahore. In 1593, he led a successful campaign against Rao Surtan. After returning to Lahore on 15 December 1594, he suffered a heart attack and passed away on 10 July 1595.
His son, Sur Singh, succeeded him as the ruler of Jodhpur, while his youngest son, Kishan Singh, went on to establish Kishangarh State.
Titles & Family Details
- Full Name: Raja Udai Singh Rathore Ji Bahadur Sahab
- Father: Rao Maldeo Rathore
- Mother: Swarup Devi of Khairawa
- Spouse:
- Rani Rajavat Kachwahi Manrang Devi (chief queen)
- Rani Solanki Nachrang Deviji
- Rani Chauhan Ajayab Deviji
- Rani Bhatiyani Santokh Deviji
- Rani Sisodia Apurva Deviji
- Rani Bhatiyani Jasvant Deviji
- Rani Cavri Sigar Deviji
- Children (Among Others):
- Manibai (Jodh Bai) / Jagat Gosain (wife of Jahangir)
- Sur Singh (successor as Raja of Marwar)
- Kishan Chand (founder of Kishangarh State)
- Sakat Singh
- Dalpat Singh (ancestor of the Ratlam Royal Family)
- Dameti Bai
- Satyabhama Bai
- Suraj Mal
- Pranmati Bai
Legacy
Udai Singh’s reign marked a significant transition for Marwar from an independent kingdom to a loyal Mughal ally. His diplomatic marriage alliance, military service, and administrative reforms ensured stability and prosperity for Marwar under Mughal rule. He played a crucial role in shaping the future of Marwar’s relationship with the Mughal Empire, making him one of the most influential rulers of his dynasty.
Kalla Rayamlot
Background and Lineage
Kalla Rayamlot, a distinguished Rajput warrior, was the son of Raimal, making him the nephew of Udai Singh Rathore, the ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur). He held the position of feudatory chief of Siwana, a strategically significant fort located near the Thar Desert in present-day Rajasthan, India.
The Siege of Siwana (1589 AD)
In 1589 AD, during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar, the fort of Siwana faced a formidable siege. Akbar, aiming to consolidate his control over Rajasthan, directed his forces towards this resilient stronghold. Kalla Rayamlot, known for his valor and leadership, spearheaded the defense against the Mughal assault.
Second Saka of Siwana
The siege culminated in what is historically referred to as the Second Saka of Siwana. In Rajput tradition, a ‘Saka’ signifies a final, heroic battle fought in the face of inevitable defeat, often accompanied by the act of Jauhar, where women commit self-immolation to avoid dishonor. Under Kalla Rayamlot’s command, the defenders donned saffron robes—a symbol of martyrdom—and prepared for their last stand. During this tumultuous period, Bhan Kavar, the daughter of Rao Surjan of Bundi, performed Jauhar, epitomizing the Rajput ethos of honor and sacrifice.
Literary Tribute
The bravery and sacrifice of Kalla Rayamlot left an indelible mark on contemporary poets and historians. Prithviraj Rathod of Bikaner, a renowned poet of that era, composed obituaries—poetic eulogies—honoring Kalla Rayamlot’s heroism. These works not only commemorate his valor but also serve as poignant reminders of the Rajput commitment to duty and honor, even in the face of overwhelming odds.
Legacy
Kalla Rayamlot’s steadfast defense of Siwana against the Mughal forces is emblematic of the Rajput spirit of resistance and valor. His leadership during the siege and the subsequent Saka has been immortalized in Rajasthani folklore and literature, inspiring future generations to uphold the principles of courage and honor.
Note: While the Siege of Siwana in 1308 involving Alauddin Khalji is well-documented, the 1589 siege under Akbar’s reign, led by Kalla Rayamlot, is less detailed in contemporary historical records. The primary accounts of this event are derived from Rajasthani oral traditions and poetic compositions, which may blend historical facts with local legends.
Gaj Singh (1615 – 38 AD)
Early Life and Lineage
Maharaja Gaj Singh I (30 October 1595 – 6 May 1638) was the ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur State) from 7 September 1619 until his death in 1638. He was the eldest surviving son of Sawai Raja Sur Singh, the previous ruler of Marwar, and Rani Kachwahi Sobhag Deviji, daughter of Sekhavat Kachwahi Durjan Sal.
He was born in Lahore and was exposed to Mughal court life from an early age. In 1608, as a young prince, he visited the court of Emperor Jahangir with his father. The following year, in 1609, an incident involving Mahabat Khan nearly cost him the territory of Sojat due to misinformation. However, the issue was later resolved, and Sojat and Nagaur were restored to Gaj Singh by Abdullah Khan.
Rise to Power and Accession
Upon the death of his father, Sur Singh, in the Deccan, Gaj Singh was in Jodhpur. Upon hearing the news, he immediately left for the Deccan, leaving Rajsingh Kumpawat in charge of Jodhpur. Emperor Jahangir recognized his legitimacy and granted him the following parganas:
- Jaitaran
- Sojat
- Siwana
- Satalmar
- Jodhpur
- Terwada
- Gondwada
He was also bestowed with a Mansab (military rank) of 3000 Zat and 2000 Sawar, along with the title of Raja.
Military Career and Mughal Service
The Defense of Jalor
Jahangir awarded the fort of Jalor to Gaj Singh, which was then controlled by Bihari Pathans. With tactical skill, Gaj Singh successfully captured Jalor, securing it under Rathore rule.
Campaign Against Rebel Prince Khurram (Shah Jahan)
On 5 May 1623, Gaj Singh was assigned along with Mahabat Khan and Parviz Mirza to suppress the rebellion of Prince Khurram (later Shah Jahan). Before departing, his Mansab was raised to 5000 Zat and 4000 Sawar, and he was granted Phalodi as a jagir.
On 16 October 1624, a major battle took place between the imperial forces and Prince Khurram’s army. Initially, Gaj Singh was hesitant to fight, likely due to his close relations with Khurram, whose mother, Jodh Bai, was a Jodhpur princess and his father’s uterine sister. He also suspected that Jahangir’s rule was nearing its end and sought to stay in Khurram’s favor.
However, he was provoked into action when Bhim Sisodia, an ally of Khurram, challenged his honor using harsh language. Enraged, Gaj Singh joined the battle with full force, leading to the defeat of the rebel forces. As a reward, his Mansab was further raised to 5000 Zat and 5000 Sawar by Jahangir.
Service Under Shah Jahan
After Jahangir’s death, Gaj Singh switched allegiance to Shah Jahan, who renewed his Mansab and honored him with:
- Khasa Khilat (A special robe of honor)
- A sword
- A horse
- An elephant
- A kettledrum
In 1630, he was appointed as a commander against the rebel governor of Deccan, Khan Jahan Lodi. He was given command of one of the three Mughal armies and fought against Bijapur’s Sultan in 1631. By 1636, he returned from the Deccan with Emperor Shah Jahan and was later deputed under Prince Shuja.
For his military services, he was awarded the Pargana of Mahrot as a jagir, and Shah Jahan conferred upon him the prestigious title of “Maharaja.”
Royal Titles and Court Influence
Jahangir gave Gaj Singh the title of ‘Dalthambhan’ (stopper of armies) for his military excellence.
His court was home to several renowned scholars and poets, including:
- Keshavdas Garden, author of:
- Gajgunrupak
- Amarsinhji Ra Duha
- Vivek Varta (a commentary on the Upanishads)
- Hem Kavi, who wrote:
- Gunabhasha Character
Personal Life and Family
Gaj Singh had multiple consorts, including:
- Maharani Sisodini Pratap Deviji
- Maharani Kachwahi Kalyan Deviji
- Maharani Chauhan Amrat Deviji
- Maharani Bhatiyani Lachal Deviji
- Maharani Sangori Mansukh Deviji
- Maharani Kachwahi Suraj Deviji
He had several children, including:
- Amar Singh Rathore (his elder son, later given Nagaur)
- Jaswant Singh (his younger son, whom he made King of Jodhpur, influenced by his beloved concubine Anara Begum)
- Chandravati Bai
Death and Legacy
Maharaja Gaj Singh passed away in Agra on 6 May 1638 at the age of 42. He was cremated on the banks of the Yamuna River.
The khyat (historical chronicle) “Gajsinh ri Khyat” records the events of his life from his coronation in 1619 to his death in 1638. It also details his numerous charitable grants, including:
- Lakh Pasav (large donations)
- Sasan Lands to the Charans (a hereditary class of poets and historians)
Maharaja Gaj Singh I was a remarkable warrior, a skilled administrator, and a loyal yet strategic ruler who successfully balanced his allegiance between the Rathore dynasty and the Mughal Empire. His contributions to Rajput military history, administration, and literature remain significant, and his legacy continues through the historical texts and folklore of Marwar.
Amar Singh Rathore
Early Life and Lineage
Rao Amar Singh Rathore was born on 30 December 1613 in Jodhpur, Marwar, Rajputana. He was the eldest son and heir-apparent of Raja Gaj Singh I of Marwar, and his mother Chauhanji (Songariji) Mansukh Deiji was the daughter of Rao Jaswant Singhji of Pali in Jalore.
Disinheritance and Rise in Mughal Court
Despite being the eldest son, Amar Singh was disinherited from the Marwar throne after his father’s death. His younger half-brother, Jaswant Singh, was chosen as the ruler as per their father’s wish. This decision was influenced by Gaj Singh’s fondness for Jaswant Singh’s mother, Sisodiniji Pratap Deiji, and his favorite concubine Anara Bai (or Anara Begum), who was on bad terms with Amar Singh.
As a result, Amar Singh was given the pargana of Nagaur and the ruling title of Rao. He then joined the Mughal court under Emperor Shah Jahan, where his unmatched bravery and battle skills earned him a high rank in the imperial nobility. He was later appointed as the Subahdar (Governor) of Nagaur, a region directly ruled by the Emperor himself.
Matire Ri Rad (1644 AD)
One of Amar Singh’s most famous battles was against Karan Singh of Bikaner. This war took place on the border of Jakhanian village of Nagaur and Silwa village of Bikaner. The details of this battle are recorded in Chhatrapati Raso, a book written by Kashi Chhagani.
The Battle of Matira was fought in 1644 AD between the kingdoms of Nagaur and Bikaner over an unusual dispute—a melon (Matira).
Cause of the Battle
The conflict started when a Matira vine from a farmer’s field in Nagaur grew across the border and extended into a Bikaner farmer’s field, where a melon sprouted. This led to a dispute over ownership between the two farmers. The small quarrel soon escalated, involving the soldiers of both states, and eventually turned into a full-fledged battle between Nagaur’s Amar Singh Rathore and Bikaner’s Karan Singh.
Outcome of the Battle
- In this battle, Amar Singh Rathore was defeated, and Karan Singh emerged victorious.
- The Matire Ri Rad is documented in the historical text “Chhatrapati Raso”, written by Kashi Chhagani.
- Despite its peculiar origin, this battle resulted in significant casualties on both sides and became a notable event in the history of Rajasthan’s princely states.
Murder of Mir Bakshi Salawat Khan
In 1644, an incident took place that made Amar Singh a legend. Emperor Shah Jahan imposed a fine on him for an unauthorized absence from court. When the Mughal Wazir, Mir Bakshi Salawat Khan, was sent to collect the fine, Amar Singh, enraged by the insult, stabbed and killed Salawat Khan in the Emperor’s court. This fearless act immortalized Amar Singh Rathore as a symbol of Rajput bravery and defiance.
His legendary dagger skills earned him the title of “Katar ka Dhanee” (Master of the Dagger).
Betrayal and Death
Following the assassination of Salawat Khan, Amar Singh became a marked enemy of the Mughal court. He was ultimately murdered by his own brother-in-law, Arjun Singh Gaur, in Agra on 21 July 1644.
His loyal general Girdharji Vyas, along with Baludas Champawat, led an army to avenge his death, but both attained martyrdom in battle against the Mughals.
Legacy and Commemoration
Amar Singh Rathore’s bravery and sacrifice made him a folk hero in Rajasthan and surrounding regions. His story is immortalized in folk songs and ballads, particularly in Rajasthan, Western Uttar Pradesh, and Punjab.
Amar Singh Darwaza – Agra Fort
The Bukhara Darwaza of Agra Fort was sealed by Shah Jahan after Amar Singh’s defiance. However, in 1809, George Steele reopened the door, which is now famously known as Amar Singh Darwaza.
Memorial in Nagaur
A chhatri (cenotaph) with 16 pillars stands in Nagaur to honor Amar Singh Rathore’s legacy.
Films and Cultural Depictions
- In 1970, a Hindi movie titled Veer Amar Singh Rathore was made, directed by Radhakant, featuring Dev Kumar, Kumkum, and Zeba Rehman.
- A Gujarati film was also made on his life, starring Upendra Trivedi.
Famous Ballad Excerpt (Punjabi)
A famous Punjabi ballad describes Amar Singh’s rage-filled entry into Shah Jahan’s court, where he slays Salabat Khan.
Original:
Dekhkar Shahjahan Badshah bharta hankare,
Kaha Salabat Khan nun: “Karo kam hamare.
Age auna na do, Rajput rakho atkare.”
Translation:
As soon as he saw him, Shah Jahan the King called out,
And said to Salabat Khan: “Do my bidding.
Let not the Rajput come forward, keep him back.”
Amar Singh then drew his dagger, struck Salabat Khan twice, and declared:
“Take this for thy seven lakhs, Salabat piare!
Weigh them out if you dare!”
Family and Descendants
Amar Singh Rathore was married to multiple Rajput princesses from different royal houses:
- Guhilotji (Ahadiji) Ajab Deiji of Dungarpur
- Guhilotji (Ahadiji) Jasroop Deiji of Banswara
- Bhatiyaniji Sabsukh Deiji of Bawdi (Marwar)
- Jadejiji Bahurang Deiji of Jamnagar
- Sisodiniji Anoop Deiji of Mewar
- Kachwahiji Anand Deiji of Amber
- Kachwahiji Dheer Deiji of Amarsar (Amber)
- Kachwahiji Laad Deiji of Amarsar (Amber)
- Gaurji of Rajgarh (Ajmer)
Children
- Rai Singh
- Ishwari Singh
- Jagat Singh (died in infancy)
- Kalyan Kanwarji (died young)
- Anoop Kanwarji (married to Mughal Prince Sulaiman Shikoh, son of Dara Shikoh)
- Deep Kanwarji
- Badan Kanwarji
Amar Singh Rathore remains one of the most fearless and rebellious Rajput warriors of Indian history. His unwavering spirit, defiance against Mughal authority, and legendary dagger skills continue to inspire generations. His life and legacy are celebrated through stories, ballads, historical texts, and films, making him an immortal icon of Rajput valor.
Jaswant Singh (1638–78 AD)
Early Life & Ascension to the Throne
Raja Jaswant Singh I was born on 26 December 1626 in Burhanpur, Deccan. He was the youngest son of Maharaja Gaj Singh of Marwar and Sisodini Pratap Deviji, the daughter of Rawat Bhan Singh and granddaughter of Kunwar Shakti Singh of Mewar.
He was only 11 years old when he was crowned as the Maharaja of Marwar on 6 May 1638, following the special decree of Emperor Shah Jahan, as per his father’s wishes. Due to his young age, Raj Singh Kumpawat of Asop was appointed as his guardian. He was installed on the throne (gaddi) at Sringar Chowki, Mehrangarh, Jodhpur, on 25 May 1638 and was later granted the personal title of Maharaja by Emperor Shah Jahan on 6 January 1654.
Jaswant Singh inherited the parganas of Jodhpur, Siwana, Merta, Sojat, Phalodi, and Pokharan (Satalmer — historical and old name of Pokharan) in jagir.
Major Battles & Military Campaigns
Battle of Dharmat (1658 AD) – A Betrayal That Changed Fate
The Battle of Dharmat, fought near Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh) on 15 April 1658, was a crucial battle in the Mughal succession war between Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb.
- Jaswant Singh and Kasim Khan were the generals of Dara Shikoh in this battle.
- However, Kasim Khan betrayed Dara Shikoh, leading to a decisive defeat.
- Despite the betrayal, Jaswant Singh displayed great valor but lost around 6,000 soldiers, including Rajpurohit Dalpat Singh Sevad of Tinwari, who was only 22 years old.
- Ratan Singh Rathore, Maharaja of Ratlam, and Mokand Das Hada, Rao of Kota, were among the many slain warriors in this battle.
When Jaswant Singh returned from this battle, his Hadi Rani, Jaswant De, closed the fort’s doors. The historian Kaviraja Shyamal Das acknowledges this story.
Battle of Khajua (1659 AD) – A Bold Move Against Aurangzeb
- This battle was fought between Aurangzeb and his brother Shuja.
- Jaswant Singh initially supported Aurangzeb but later turned against him due to mistrust.
- He looted Aurangzeb’s camp and returned to Jodhpur, indirectly helping Prince Shuja.
- Due to the mediation of Mirza Raja Jai Singh of Amer, tensions between Jaswant Singh and Aurangzeb reduced, and Jaswant Singh was appointed as the Subedar of Gujarat in 1659.
Southern Campaign Against the Marathas (1662 AD)
- In 1662, Aurangzeb sent Jaswant Singh to the Deccan to assist Shaista Khan against the Marathas.
Governor of Kabul (1673 AD)
- In 1673 AD, Aurangzeb appointed Jaswant Singh as the Governor of Kabul to manage the Mughal frontier.
Death & Aurangzeb’s Reaction
Jaswant Singh died on 28 November 1678 at Jamrud (Khyber Pass, Afghanistan). Upon his death, Aurangzeb remarked,
“Today, the door of Kufr (disobedience) has been broken.”
At the time of his death, two of his wives were pregnant. This led to a succession war to install Ajit Singh Rathore as the next ruler of Marwar.
Jaswant Singh’s Contribution to Literature & Administration
Books Written by Jaswant Singh
- Anand Vilas
- Bhasha Bhushan
- Prabodh Chandroday
Construction & Development Work
- Jaswantpura, a city in Maharashtra, was established by him.
- Kaga Garden in Jodhpur was built, where pomegranate seeds from Kabul were planted.
- His wife Rani Atirangade built the Jansagar pond, also known as Shekhawat ji’s pond.
- Rani Jaswantde constructed the Raika Bagh Palace and built the Kalyan Sagar pond (Ratanada pond).
Court Scholars & Writers
Muhnot Nainasi – The Chronicler of Marwar
- Muhnot Nainasi was the Diwan of Jaswant Singh and a renowned writer.
- His father’s name was Jaimal and his mother’s name was Swaroop Devi.
- He was imprisoned due to debt by Jaswant Singh, where he and his brother Sunderdas committed suicide.
- Munshi Deviprasad called him the “Abul Fazl of Rajputana.”
Major Works of Muhnot Nainasi
- Nainasi ri Khyaat
- First historical Khyaat of Rajasthan.
- Describes Marwar and other Rajput princely states.
- Marwar Ra Pargana Ri Vigat
- Provides census details.
- Known as “The Gazette of Marwar (Rajpatra).”
- Documents the administrative and tax system of Marwar.
Other Court Scholars
- Narharidas – Wrote “Avatar Charitra”.
- Naveen Kavi – Wrote “Neh Nidhan”.
- Banarasi Das – A distinguished poet.
The Tragic Fate of His Sons
Prithvi Singh – Killed by Aurangzeb’s Treachery
- Prithvi Singh, son of Jaswant Singh, fought and killed a lion.
- Aurangzeb gifted him poisoned clothes, leading to his painful death on 8 May 1667 in Delhi.
- His tragic demise deeply affected Jaswant Singh, who had no immediate heir to take revenge.
Ajit Singh & Dalthamman – The Heirs in Captivity
- Ajit Singh and Dalthamman, sons of Jaswant Singh, were imprisoned in Roop Singh Rathore’s Haveli in Delhi by Aurangzeb.
- Dalthamman died while traveling from Delhi to Jodhpur.
Indra Singh Rathore – A Puppet King
- Indra Singh Rathore, grandson of Amar Singh Rathore, was made the King of Jodhpur by Aurangzeb in exchange for 36 lakh rupees.
- However, the people of Jodhpur refused to accept him as their ruler.
Aurangzeb Declares Jodhpur as Khalsa (Imperial Land)
After Jaswant Singh’s death, Aurangzeb declared Jodhpur as Khalsa (Mughal-controlled territory) due to the following reasons:
- Marwar’s strategic importance – Controlling Marwar ensured safe trade routes between Delhi, Agra, and Gujarat.
- Aurangzeb’s anti-Hindu policy – He wanted to place a loyal supporter on Jodhpur’s throne.
- Personal vendetta – Since Jaswant Singh had always opposed Aurangzeb, he sought revenge by subjugating Jodhpur.
Legacy of Jaswant Singh I
Raja Jaswant Singh I remains a legendary figure in Rajput history, known for his courage, strategic brilliance, and literary contributions. Despite facing betrayal and Mughal oppression, he left a lasting legacy in Marwar’s history, literature, and architecture.
Ajit Singh (1679-1724 AD)
Maharaja Ajit Singh Rathore was a significant ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur) and played a crucial role in resisting Mughal dominance, restoring his ancestral kingdom, and expanding its influence. His reign was marked by continuous battles, strategic alliances, and internal conflicts, culminating in his assassination by his own son.
Early Life and Escape from Delhi
Maharaja Jaswant Singh Rathore of Marwar passed away in December 1678 at Jamrud. At the time, his two queens were pregnant, leaving Marwar without an immediate male heir. Taking advantage of the situation, Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb absorbed Marwar into his empire and appointed Indra Singh Rathore (Jaswant Singh’s nephew) as its ruler.
However, soon after, Ajit Singh was born in February 1679, challenging Aurangzeb’s decision. A delegation led by Durgadas Rathore and other Rajput nobles pleaded with Aurangzeb to recognize Ajit Singh as the rightful king. Aurangzeb refused and instead offered to raise Ajit as a Muslim before granting him any royal title—an offer the Rajputs could not accept.
Gaura: The “Pannadhay of Marwar”
During an attempt by the Mughals to seize the infant Ajit Singh and his mother, Gaura Dhaa, the wet nurse, played a heroic role. She sacrificed her own son by placing him in Ajit Singh’s bed while smuggling the real prince out of Delhi in a basket. This act earned Gaura a place of honor in Marwar’s history, and her name was included in Marwar’s national anthem “Dhunso”. Today, her Chhatri (memorial) is located in Jodhpur.
With the help of Mukundas Khichi and Durgadas Rathore, Ajit Singh was secretly taken to Kalindri village (Sirohi), where he was raised under the care of Mukundadas in the house of Jaidev Purohit. Meanwhile, Aurangzeb, deceived by the substitution, raised a milkman’s son as “Mohammadi Raj” in his harem.
The Battle for Marwar (1680 – 1707)
- Battle of Debari (1680 AD):
- Raj Singh of Mewar extended his support to Ajit Singh against the Mughals.
- However, in 1680, the combined forces of Mewar and Marwar were defeated by the Mughal army at Debari (Udaipur).
- Prince Akbar’s Revolt (1681 AD):
- Durgadas Rathore cleverly incited Aurangzeb’s son, Akbar, to rebel.
- On 1 January 1681, Akbar was declared emperor at Nadaul (Pali).
- Aurangzeb, through political maneuvering, forced Akbar to flee to Shambhaji in South India.
- Guerrilla Warfare & Retaking Jodhpur:
- For 20 years, Durgadas Rathore waged guerrilla warfare against the Mughals, attacking trade routes and treasury convoys across Rajasthan and Gujarat.
- After Aurangzeb’s death in 1707, Marwar nobles took advantage of the ensuing chaos to recapture Jodhpur from the Mughals.
Ajit Singh as the Maharaja of Jodhpur (1708 AD – 1724 AD)
After the Debari settlement in 1708, Ajit Singh was officially crowned as Maharaja of Jodhpur. However, his reign was filled with constant struggles with the Mughals, shifting alliances, and internal conflicts.
Major Political & Military Events
- Rajput Rebellion (1708 – 1710)
- Formed an alliance with Sawai Jai Singh II of Amer.
- Captured Sambhar (an important Mughal salt production center).
- Laid siege to Ajmer (1709) and negotiated a settlement in exchange for 45,000 rupees, Pushkar town, two horses, and an elephant.
- Recognized as Raja by the Mughals (1710 AD)
- Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I marched to Ajmer and, after negotiations, officially recognized Ajit Singh as the rightful king of Jodhpur.
- Governorship of Gujarat (1715 – 1717 & 1719 – 1721)
- Ajit Singh served as Subahdar (Governor) of Gujarat under Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar.
- In 1713, he refused to take charge of Thatta province, leading to a military confrontation with Husain Ali Khan, which was resolved through negotiation.
- Deposition of Farrukhsiyar (1719 AD)
- In 1719, Ajit Singh played a key role in capturing Delhi, leading to the execution of Emperor Farrukhsiyar.
- This event significantly weakened the Mughal Empire and accelerated its decline.
Conflict with the Mughals & Expansion of Marwar (1721 – 1723 AD)
- Mughal Campaigns Against Ajit Singh:
- In 1721 – 1722, Mughal expeditions led by Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan and Iradatmand Khan failed to suppress Ajit Singh.
- In 1723, Ajit Singh led his army as far as Narnol and Mewat, just 16 miles from Delhi.
- Attacked and killed the Mughal Governor of Ajmer, beheading 25 Mughal officers and looting their camps.
Death & Controversy (24 June 1724)
Ajit Singh was assassinated on 23 June 1724 by his son Bakht Singh. The reasons behind his assassination remain debated:
- Persian sources indicate that Bakht Singh killed his father in an internal power struggle.
- Jadunath Sarkar suggests that the Jodhpur court blamed the Jaipur Raja due to their rivalry.
Sati Tradition in Ajit Singh’s Funeral
At Ajit Singh’s funeral, 63 women, including his wives and concubines, committed Sati, a practice common among Rajput nobility. Additionally, many animals and birds were burned as part of the ritual.
Legacy & Literary Contributions
Ajit Singh was not only a warrior but also a patron of literature. His notable works include:
- Durgapath Language
- Gunsagar
- Nirvana Ra Duha
- Ajitsingh Ri Kavita
Detailed Timeline of Ajit Singh’s Life
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 1679 | Born in Lahore |
| 1680 | Battle of Debari – Defeat of Rajput forces |
| 1681 | Prince Akbar’s revolt, backed by Durgadas Rathore |
| 1707 | Aurangzeb dies, Durgadas Rathore retakes Jodhpur |
| 1708 | Ajit Singh becomes Maharaja of Jodhpur |
| 1709 | Siege of Ajmer, gains Pushkar town |
| 1710 | Recognized as Raja by Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I |
| 1715 – 1717 | Subahdar of Gujarat |
| 1719 | Deposition of Farrukhsiyar, major blow to Mughals |
| 1721 – 1723 | Expands Marwar territory to Narnol & Mewat |
| 1723 | Kills Mughal Governor of Ajmer |
| 1724 | Assassinated by his son Bakht Singh |
Maharaja Ajit Singh Rathore played a pivotal role in Rajput resistance against the Mughals. From escaping Aurangzeb’s clutches as an infant to leading wars against the empire, his life was filled with struggles, victories, and betrayals. His reign marked the revival of Marwar’s independence, setting the stage for its future expansion under his successors.
Durgadas Rathore
Durgadas Rathore (13 August 1638 – 22 November 1718) was a legendary Rathore Rajput general who played a crucial role in preserving the sovereignty of Marwar during the Mughal era. His indomitable courage, sharp diplomacy, and relentless struggle against Aurangzeb’s empire ensured that Ajit Singh, the rightful heir of Marwar, ascended to the throne.
Early Life
- Father: Askaran Rathore
- Mother: Nait Kanwar
- Birth: 13 August 1638 AD
- Birthplace: Salwa (Jodhpur)
- Askaran Rathore, a minister in the court of Maharaja Jaswant Singh, granted Durgadas the Jagir of Luneva.
The 30-Year Struggle (1678–1708)
Durgadas fought a prolonged and relentless battle spanning three decades to secure Ajit Singh’s position as the ruler of Marwar. His unwavering commitment to the Rathore cause earned him unparalleled respect in Rajput history.
Conflict with Aurangzeb & Rescue of Ajit Singh
- In 1678, Maharaja Jaswant Singh died while campaigning in Afghanistan, leaving no heir. Soon after, two of his queens gave birth to sons, but one died, leaving Ajit Singh as the sole heir.
- Aurangzeb seized this opportunity to impose Mughal rule over Marwar and ordered that Ajit Singh be brought to Delhi and kept under house arrest in Noorgarh.
- Durgadas, along with other Rathore nobles, orchestrated a daring attack in Delhi and successfully rescued Ajit Singh and Jaswant Singh’s widowed queens.
- To ensure safety, Ajit Singh was first taken to Balunda, where a noble’s wife sheltered him for a year, and later hidden in the Aravalli Hills and Nandlai (Mewar) under the protection of Rana Raj Singh I.
Guerilla Warfare Against the Mughals
Durgadas waged a relentless guerilla war against the Mughal forces:
- He united the Rathore clans, something even Rao Maldev had failed to do.
- He instigated Akbar and Muazzam (Aurangzeb’s sons) to rebel against their father.
- During the war, Aurangzeb’s granddaughter Saif-un-Nissa fell into his custody, but Durgadas ensured her safety and returned her unharmed.
- The grateful Aurangzeb offered him high ranks and jagirs, including Merta and Dhandhuka, but Durgadas refused to be placated, continuing his fight for Ajit Singh.
Victory & Restoration of Marwar (1707–1710)
- With Aurangzeb’s death in 1707, the empire weakened, allowing Durgadas and Ajit Singh to seize Jodhpur, expelling the Mughal forces.
- Ajit Singh was finally proclaimed Maharaja of Jodhpur.
Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)
Durgadas played a vital role in the Rajput Rebellion:
- Battle of Kaladera (1708): He routed Saiyid Hussain Khan Barha, forcing him to retreat.
- Victory at Sambhar: A decisive battle where Durgadas and Raja Jai Singh II of Jaipur defeated the Mughals.
Rift with Ajit Singh & Exile
Despite Durgadas’s sacrifices, tensions arose between him and Ajit Singh:
- Ajit Singh, jealous of Durgadas’s fame, began distancing himself.
- The murder of Mukund Das, a loyal Marwar noble, further deepened the rift.
- After the Battle of Sambhar, Durgadas moved his camp away from Ajit Singh in protest.
- Ajit Singh ultimately exiled Durgadas, erasing his name from official Marwar records.
Later Years & Death
- Durgadas spent time in Mewar, where Maharana Amar Singh II granted him the jagirs of Rampura and Vijaypur.
- He later moved to Ujjain, spending his final days in devotion to Mahakaal.
- Death: 22 November 1718, on the banks of the Shipra River, Ujjain.
- His chhatri (memorial) is located at Chakratirth, Ujjain.
Titles & Recognition
Contemporary & Historical Titles
- “Ulysses of the Rathores” – James Tod
- “Garibaldi of Rajputana”
- “Annabindhiya Pearl of Marwar”
Evaluation by Historians
Historian Jadunath Sarkar remarked:
“A soul of honour, he kept the deserted daughter of Akbar free from every stain and provided her with Islamic religious training. Fighting against terrible odds, with distrust and wavering among his own countrymen, he kept his chieftain’s cause triumphant. Mughal gold could not seduce him, nor Mughal arms daunt his constant heart. No wonder the Rathore bard should pray that every Rajput mother should have a son like Durgadas.”
Government Honors
- Commemorative Stamp (1988) – ₹0.60 postage stamp released.
- Commemorative Coins (2003) – Released by the Government of India.
- Veer Durgadas Marg – A road in Ujjain named after him.
Durgadas in Popular Culture
- Paintings by Archibald Herman Müller at Mehrangarh Museum (Jodhpur) & Government Museum (Bikaner).
- Novel by Premchand – A children’s literature book based on his struggle.
- Plays & Films:
- Veer Durgadas (1924) – Silent film by Bhagwati Prasad Mishra.
- Veer Durgadas (1960) – Biographical film starring Paidi Jairaj.
- Amar Chitra Katha Comic – A graphic novel dedicated to his life.
Durgadas Rathore remains a towering figure in Indian history, embodying valor, loyalty, and strategic brilliance. His struggle for Rajputana’s sovereignty and his unwavering commitment to his homeland and master make him a true legend. His legacy lives on in folklore, historical accounts, and the annals of Rajasthan’s glorious past.
Abhay Singh (1724-49 AD)
Maharaja Abhai Singh Rathore (7 November 1702 – 18 June 1749) was the ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur) from 1724 to 1749. He was a brave warrior and a shrewd strategist who expanded his kingdom and played a significant role in shaping Rajput history. His reign was marked by numerous battles, the famous Khejarli massacre, and the conquest of Ahmedabad against the Mughal governor Sarbuland Khan.
Early Life & Coronation
Maharaja Ajit Singh, the ruler of Marwar and father of Abhai Singh, was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy involving Abhai Singh and his brother, Bakht Singh. Following this, Abhai Singh was crowned as the ruler of Marwar on 17 July 1724 in Delhi and ruled until his death in 1749.
His reign was a turbulent one, marked by battles with the Mughals, Jaipur, and Bikaner, but he emerged as a powerful and influential king of 18th-century Rajasthan.
Khejarli Massacre (1730 AD)
One of the most tragic and significant events during Abhai Singh’s reign was the Khejarli massacre.
- In 1726, Abhai Singh granted the estate of Khejarli to Thakur Surat Singh.
- In 1730, under Abhai Singh’s orders, his minister Giridhar Bhandari led a royal expedition to fell sacred Khejri trees in the Bishnoi-dominated village of Khejarli. The trees were to be used to produce lime for constructing a new palace.
Sacrifice of Amrita Devi Bishnoi & 363 Martyrs
- Amrita Devi Bishnoi, a devout follower of the Bishnoi faith, protested against the tree felling.
- She refused to pay a bribe to save the trees, declaring that giving one’s life was better than a bribe.
- She and her three daughters (Asu, Ratni, and Bhagu) were killed on the spot.
- Following this, Bishnoi villagers from 84 villages gathered and decided that one life would be sacrificed for each tree.
- 363 Bishnois, including men, women, and children, were martyred while hugging the trees.
Aftermath
- The massacre deeply shocked Abhai Singh, and he ordered an immediate halt to the tree felling.
- Every year, a ‘Tree Fair’ is organized in Khejdali in memory of the martyrs.
- The ‘Amrita Devi Bishnoi Award’ is given in recognition of environmental conservation efforts in India.
Battle of Ahmedabad (1731 AD) & Defeat of Sarbuland Khan
Abhai Singh’s greatest military achievement was the defeat of the Mughal governor Sarbuland Khan in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, in 1731 AD.
Prelude to War
- When a challenge was issued in the court, only Abhai Singh accepted it.
- On his way to Ahmedabad, Abhai Singh first met the Jaipur prince at Pushkar and then advanced through Sirohi.
- At the Sirohi border, Thakur Maan Singh of Chandana resisted the Marwar forces but was killed in battle.
- To avoid destruction, the King of Sirohi gave his daughter Jas Kanwar in marriage to Abhai Singh.
- From this marriage, his son Ram Singh was born.
The Battle
- Sarbuland Khan’s defense strategy:
- He stationed 2,000 men with five cannons at each gate of Ahmedabad.
- European musketeers guarded the gates.
- Fighting lasted three days, during which Sarbuland Khan’s son was killed.
- Bakht Singh, Abhai Singh’s brother, led a fierce attack and broke the Mughal defense.
Role of Kesari Singh Akherajot
- Among the warriors of Marwar, Kesari Singh Rajpurohit fought ferociously.
- He fought with swords in both hands and was covered in blood.
- The bard Karnidan Ji compared him to Lord Hanuman, drenched in vermilion.
- Even after being beheaded, his body continued to fight, making him one of the rarest warriors in history.
Outcome
- 120 chieftains and 500 Marwar horses were slain.
- Sarbuland Khan surrendered and was sent to Agra.
- Abhai Singh captured Gujarat, adding 17,000 towns to Marwar’s rule.
Battle of Gangwana (1741 AD) – Conflict with Bakht Singh & Jaipur
Prelude
- Abhai Singh sent his troops to conquer Bikaner, ruled by Zorawar Singh.
- During the Holi festival, Marwar troops reached the gates of Chintamani Fort (Junagadh Fort) in Bikaner.
- Zorawar Singh sought help from Bakht Singh, Jaipur’s Jai Singh II, and warrior Jagram Singh Rajpurohit.
The Battle
- Jaipur and Mughal forces attacked Marwar in retaliation.
- In the Battle of Gangwana, Bakht Singh with only 1,000 warriors fought 100,000 soldiers from the Jaipur-Mughal alliance.
- Despite being outnumbered, he won the battle and restored the honor of Marwar.
Legacy & Succession
- Abhai Singh ruled over Marwar and Gujarat, making him one of the most powerful Rajput rulers of the 18th century.
- His court scholars wrote significant historical works:
- Karnidan – “Suraj Prakas”
- Veerbhan – “Rajroopak”
- These books provide valuable insights into Abhai Singh’s rule and the Ahmedabad war.
- Abhai Singh was succeeded by his son, Ram Singh, but was soon overthrown by his uncle, Bakht Singh.
Chronology of Important Events
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 7 Nov 1702 | Birth of Abhai Singh Rathore in Mehrangarh, Jodhpur |
| 1724 AD | Became Maharaja of Marwar |
| 1730 AD | Khejarli Massacre – 363 Bishnois martyred |
| 1731 AD | Battle of Ahmedabad – Defeated Sarbuland Khan |
| 1741 AD | Battle of Gangwana – Conflict with Bakht Singh & Jaipur |
| 18 June 1749 | Death of Abhai Singh in Ajmer |
Maharaja Abhai Singh Rathore was a warrior-king who left a deep mark on the history of Rajasthan. His victory over the Mughals in Ahmedabad, his expansion of Marwar’s rule, and his role in the Khejarli massacre showcase his complex and dynamic reign. Though his conquest of Gujarat made him powerful, his relations with his own family led to internal conflicts.
His legacy remains immortal, and he is remembered as a strategist, warrior, and ruler who shaped the future of Marwar.
Mansingh (1803–43 AD)
Maharaja Man Singh (3 February 1783 – 4 September 1843) was the last independent ruler of the Marwar Kingdom (Jodhpur State). His reign lasted from 19 October 1803 to 4 September 1843. Despite facing intense opposition from nobles and external invasions, he remained a significant figure in the history of Rajasthan. He was also a poet and scholar, having composed several important literary works.
Early Life and Accession to the Throne
- Born: 3 February 1783
- Father: Guman Singh
- Mother: Chauhani Kanwar
- Heir Apparent: On 7 November 1791, his grandfather Vijay Singh appointed him as the successor.
- Conflict with Bhim Singh: Upon Vijay Singh’s death, Bhim Singh seized Jodhpur and declared himself the ruler, forcing Man Singh to take refuge in Jalore for safety.
- Prediction by Devnath: During his time in Jalore, Devnath, a saint of the Nath sect, predicted that he would become the king.
- Accession to the Throne: Man Singh became the Maharaja of Marwar on 19 October 1803 after Bhim Singh’s death.
- Coronation: 17 January 1804 at Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur.
Reign and Major Events
Relations with the British and Other Powers
- 1804: Broke the treaty with the British and formed an alliance with Yashwantrao Holkar.
- 1806: Faced a combined attack from Jaipur, Bikaner, and Mewar but defeated them comprehensively. Jaipur’s ruler Jagat Singh had to pay Rs. 2,00,000 for safe passage.
- Jai Pol Victory Gate (1808): Built at Mehrangarh Fort to commemorate this victory.
- British Treaty (6 January 1818): After years of conflict and internal disputes, Man Singh signed a treaty with the British, making Jodhpur a princely state under British protection.
- British Representative: Charles Metcalf
- Jodhpur Representatives: Yuvraj Chhatrasingh and Bishanram Vyas
Conflict with the British
- Refusal to Return Fugitives:
- In 1827, he refused to return the thugs who had fled from British-controlled regions.
- In 1829, he provided asylum to Mudhoji II Bhonsle (Appa Saheb), the dethroned ruler of Nagpur, against the wishes of the British.
- Despite repeated demands from Governor General Lord William Bentinck, he refused to hand over Appa Saheb, who remained in Jodhpur at Man Mandir until his death in 1840.
- Boycott of Ajmer Darbar (1832): He boycotted the meeting called by Governor General Lord William Bentinck in Ajmer.
Political and Religious Influence
Support to the Nath Sect
- Built a Temple: Man Singh constructed a great temple for the Nath sect in Jodhpur.
- Authored “Nath Charitra”: A book on the Nath sect.
- Known as “Sanyasi Raja”: He was called the “Sanyasi Raja” of Marwar due to his strong association with the Nath sect.
- Library Establishment: He established “Man Pustak Prakash”, a library in Jodhpur.
Conflicts with the Nath Sect
- Dispute Between Bhimnath and Ladunath:
- After the death of Devnath, there was a dispute between his son Ladunath and his brother Bhimnath.
- To resolve this, Man Singh built “Uday Mandir” for Bhimnath.
- Nath Rebellion (1839):
- Under Lakshminath’s leadership, the Naths started creating disturbances in Jodhpur.
- In 1839, British officer Sutherland intervened and pacified the rebellion.
Court Scholars and Literary Works
Kaviraja Bankidas
- Wrote:
- Bankidas Ri Khyaat – Mentions the dates of establishment of Jodhpur and Jaipur.
- Man Jaso Mandan
- Datar Bavani
- Kukavi Batisi
- Aayo Angrej Mulk Re Upar – A song that criticized Indian kings who supported the British.
Man Singh’s Own Works
He was an eminent poet and scholar and wrote several books:
- Charan Badi Amolak Cheej
- Nath-Purana
- Nath-Sharot
- Nath-Shatak
- Siddha-Gyan
Death and Legacy
- Died: 4 September 1843 in Mandore.
- Successor: Takht Singh became the next Maharaja of Jodhpur.
Summary of Key Contributions
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Battles & Conflicts | Defeated Jaipur, Bikaner, and Mewar in 1806; Built Jai Pol in Mehrangarh (1808). |
| Relations with British | Signed treaty (1818), Boycotted Ajmer Darbar (1832), Provided asylum to Appa Saheb (1829). |
| Religious Contributions | Built Nath temple, Wrote Nath Charitra, Known as Sanyasi Raja. |
| Cultural & Literary Works | Established Man Pustak Prakash library, Authored multiple books. |
| Court Scholars | Kaviraja Bankidas (author of Bankidas Ri Khyaat and others). |
| Death | 4 September 1843 in Mandore; succeeded by Takht Singh. |
Maharaja Man Singh remains an important figure in Marwar’s history due to his strong resistance against British influence, his deep connection with the Nath sect, and his contributions to literature and culture.
That’s a great info man. love you ❤️
That’s a great info man. love you ❤️